Section: Luxury Goods
Variable: Luxury Food (All coded records)
  { JSON }   .CSV
This variable tracks the production, trade, and consumption of luxury food items in historical polities. It includes data on: the types of rare or high-value foods, their regions of origin, and their consumption by rulers, elites, or other groups. This variable helps analyze the role of food in expressing wealth and status.  

103 Luxury Food Records
 Polity    Coded Value / Tags   Year(s)
Hmong - Early Chinese
Luxury Food Inferred Absent
1895 CE  1941 CE
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Chuuk - Late Truk
Luxury Food Present
Place(s) of Provenance Germany Japan
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1886 CE  1948 CE
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Orokaiva - Colonial
Luxury Food Present
Place(s) of Provenance Orokaiva - Colonial
Consumption by Common People Present
1884 CE  1942 CE
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Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial
Luxury Food Present
Place(s) of Provenance Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial
Consumption by Common People Present
1841 CE  1987 CE
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Shuar - Ecuadorian
Luxury Food Present
1831 CE  1931 CE
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Sokoto Caliphate
Luxury Food Present
1804 CE  1904 CE
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Emirate of Harar
Luxury Food Inferred Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1800 CE 1875 CE
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Late Qing
Luxury Food Present
Place(s) of Provenance Late Qing Sulu Archipelago Borneo Java
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1796 CE  1912 CE
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Kingdom of Jimma
Luxury Food Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance Kingdom of Jimma
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
1790 CE  1932 CE
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Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period
Luxury Food Present
Place(s) of Provenance Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period foreign
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1778 CE  1819 CE
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Sultanate of Geledi
Luxury Food Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
1750 CE  1911 CE
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Durrani Empire
Luxury Food Present
1747 CE  1826 CE
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Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial
Luxury Food Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1734 CE  1883 CE
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Nawabs of Bengal
Luxury Food Present
Place(s) of Provenance Nawabs of Bengal
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
1717 CE  1757 CE
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Bamana kingdom
Luxury Food Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance Akan - Pre-Ashanti
1712 CE  1861 CE
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Hmong - Late Qing
Luxury Food Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1701 CE  1895 CE
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Ndorwa
Luxury Food Inferred Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
1700 CE  1800 CE
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Bugesera
Luxury Food Inferred Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
1700 CE  1799 CE
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Mubari
Luxury Food Inferred Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
1700 CE  1896 CE
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Gisaka
Luxury Food Inferred Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
1700 CE  1867 CE
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British Empire I
Luxury Food Present
Place(s) of Provenance British Empire I foreign
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1690 CE  1849 CE
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Whydah
Luxury Food Inferred Absent
Place(s) of Provenance inferred absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1671 CE  1727 CE
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Zungharian Empire
Luxury Food Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1670 CE  1757 CE
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French Kingdom - Late Bourbon
Luxury Food Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Absent
1660 CE  1815 CE
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Allada
Luxury Food Inferred Absent
Place(s) of Provenance suspected unknown inferred absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1651 CE 1724 CE
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Ọ̀ràézè Ǹrì
Luxury Food Inferred Absent
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Absent
Consumption by Elite Inferred Absent
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1651 CE 1911 CE
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Iban - Pre-Brooke
Luxury Food Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance Iban Pre-Brooke Raj (domestic)
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1650 CE  1841 CE
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Segou Kingdom
Luxury Food Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance Akan - Pre-Ashanti
1650 CE  1712 CE
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Kingdom of Nyinginya
Luxury Food Inferred Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
1650 CE  1897 CE
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Emirate of Harar
Luxury Food Inferred Transitional (Absent -> Present)
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1650 CE 1799 CE
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Papal States - Early Modern Period II
Luxury Food Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1648 CE  1809 CE
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Early Qing
Luxury Food Present
Place(s) of Provenance Early Qing Korea Dutch Empire
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1644 CE  1796 CE
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Portuguese Empire - Early Modern
Luxury Food Present
Place(s) of Provenance Portuguese Empire - Early Modern foreign
1640 CE  1806 CE
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Tokugawa Shogunate
Luxury Food Present
Place(s) of Provenance Tokugawa Shogunate
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Transitional (Absent -> Present)
1603 CE  1868 CE
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Ilú-ọba Ọ̀yọ́
Luxury Food Present
Place(s) of Provenance Ilú-ọba Ọ̀yọ́
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1601 CE  1835 CE
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Igala
Luxury Food Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
1600 CE  1900 CE
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Ayutthaya
Luxury Food Inferred Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1593 CE  1767 CE
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French Kingdom - Early Bourbon
Luxury Food Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Absent
1589 CE  1660 CE
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Hawaii III
Luxury Food Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance Hawaii III
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
1580 CE  1778 CE
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Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama
Luxury Food Present
Place(s) of Provenance Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Present
1568 CE  1603 CE
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Mataram Sultanate
Luxury Food Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1568 CE  1755 CE
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Republic of Venice IV
Luxury Food Present
Place(s) of Provenance Ottoman Empire II Republic of Venice IV
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1564 CE  1797 CE
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Kingdom of Baol
Luxury Food Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1550 CE  1890 CE
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Kingdom of Jolof
Luxury Food Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1549 CE  1865 CE
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Kingdom of Cayor
Luxury Food Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1549 CE  1864 CE
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Papal States - Early Modern Period I
Luxury Food Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1527 CE  1648 CE
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Ottoman Empire II
Luxury Food Present
Place(s) of Provenance Republic of Venice IV
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
1517 CE  1683 CE
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Spanish Empire I
Luxury Food Present
Place(s) of Provenance Spanish Empire I foreign
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Present
1516 CE  1715 CE
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Akan - Pre-Ashanti
Luxury Food Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
1501 CE  1701 CE
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Kaabu
Luxury Food Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance Iles de Los
1500 CE  1867 CE
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Portuguese Empire - Renaissance Period
Luxury Food Present
Place(s) of Provenance Portuguese Empire - Renaissance Period foreign
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1495 CE  1579 CE
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Denyanke Kingdom
Luxury Food Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1490 CE  1776 CE
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Kingdom of Saloum
Luxury Food Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1490 CE  1863 CE
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Warring States Japan
Luxury Food Present
Place(s) of Provenance Great Ming Warring States Japan
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1467 CE  1568 CE
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Yemen - Tahirid Dynasty
Luxury Food Present
Place(s) of Provenance Bengal Sultanate Malacca Sultanate Hanthawaddy Kingdom Early Ayutthaya
Consumption by Elite Present
1454 CE  1517 CE
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Aztec Empire
Luxury Food Present
Place(s) of Provenance Aztec Empire
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Present
1427 CE  1526 CE
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Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III
Luxury Food Present
Place(s) of Provenance Egypt - Mamluk Sultanate III
Consumption by Common People Inferred Present
1412 CE  1517 CE
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Papal States - Renaissance Period
Luxury Food Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1378 CE  1527 CE
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Adal Sultanate
Luxury Food Present
Place(s) of Provenance Ethiopia Kingdom
1375 CE  1543 CE
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Inca Empire
Luxury Food Present
Place(s) of Provenance Inca Empire
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1375 CE  1532 CE
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Great Ming
Luxury Food Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1368 CE  1644 CE
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Kingdom of Sine
Luxury Food Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1350 CE  1887 CE
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Sind - Samma Dynasty
Luxury Food Inferred Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
1335 CE  1521 CE
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Medri Bahri
Luxury Food Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
1310 CE  1889 CE
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Oyo
Luxury Food Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
1300 CE  1535 CE
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Majapahit Kingdom
Luxury Food Inferred Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
1292 CE  1518 CE
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Kingdom of Waalo
Luxury Food Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1287 CE  1855 CE
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Ifat Sultanate
Luxury Food Present
Place(s) of Provenance Ethiopia Kingdom
1280 CE  1375 CE
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Great Yuan
Luxury Food Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
1271 CE  1368 CE
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Kingdom of Norway II
Luxury Food Present
Place(s) of Provenance Iceland
Consumption by Elite Present
1262 CE  1396 CE
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Ajuran Sultanate
Luxury Food Present
Place(s) of Provenance Ethiopia Kingdom
1250 CE  1700 CE
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Mali Empire
Luxury Food Present
Place(s) of Provenance Mali Empire North Africa other African polities
1230 CE  1410 CE
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Delhi Sultanate
Luxury Food Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
1206 CE  1526 CE
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Hawaii II
Luxury Food Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance Hawaii II
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
1200 CE  1580 CE
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Ayyubid Sultanate
Luxury Food Inferred Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
1171 CE  1250 CE
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French Kingdom - Late Capetian
Luxury Food Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Absent
1150 CE  1328 CE
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Allada
Luxury Food Suspected Unknown
Place(s) of Provenance suspected unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
1100 CE 1650 CE
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Sena Dynasty
Luxury Food Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
1095 CE  1245 CE
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Ọ̀ràézè Ǹrì
Luxury Food Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
1043 CE 1650 CE
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Proto-French Kingdom
Luxury Food Present
Place(s) of Provenance Proto-French Kingdom
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
987 CE  1150 CE
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Hausa bakwai
Luxury Food Uncoded
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Present
900 CE  1808 CE
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Igodomingodo
Luxury Food Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
900 CE  1450 CE
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Chandra Dynasty
Luxury Food Suspected Unknown
Place(s) of Provenance suspected unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
900 CE  1050 CE
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Monte Alban V
Luxury Food Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Absent
900 CE  1520 CE
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Sind - Abbasid-Fatimid Period
Luxury Food Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
854 CE  1193 CE
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Carolingian Empire II
Luxury Food Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Present
840 CE  987 CE
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Tunni Sultanate
Luxury Food Suspected Unknown
Place(s) of Provenance suspected unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
800 CE  1200 CE
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Early Tana 2
Luxury Food Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
750 CE  999 CE
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Middle Merovingian
Luxury Food Inferred Present
543 CE  687 CE
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Early Tana 1
Luxury Food Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
500 CE  749 CE
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Late Pallava Empire
Luxury Food Inferred Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
300 CE  890 CE
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Early East Africa Iron Age
Luxury Food Suspected Unknown
Place(s) of Provenance suspected unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
200 CE  499 CE
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Magadha - Kanva Dynasty
Luxury Food Suspected Unknown
Place(s) of Provenance suspected unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
75 BCE  30 BCE
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Indo-Greek Kingdom
Luxury Food Inferred Present
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
180 BCE  10 BCE
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Qin Empire
Luxury Food Present
Place(s) of Provenance Qin Empire
338 BCE  207 BCE
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Early Wei Dynasty
Luxury Food Inferred Present
Consumption by Ruler Present
Consumption by Elite Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
445 BCE  225 BCE
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Egypt - Saite Period
Luxury Food Present
Place(s) of Provenance Egypt - Saite Period Greece
664 BCE  525 BCE
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Egypt - Kushite Period
Luxury Food Inferred Present
Place(s) of Provenance foreign
747 BCE  656 BCE
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Jin
Luxury Food Present
Place(s) of Provenance Jin
Consumption by Ruler Inferred Present
Consumption by Elite Inferred Present
Consumption by Common People Inferred Absent
780 BCE  404 BCE
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Middle and Late Nok
Luxury Food Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
900 BCE  0 CE
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Middle and Late Nok
Luxury Food Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Ruler Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Elite Suspected Unknown
Consumption by Common People Suspected Unknown
1500 BCE  901 BCE
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Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic
Luxury Food Present
Place(s) of Provenance Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic
5500 BCE  4000 BCE
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Kachi Plain - Aceramic Neolithic
Luxury Food Present
7500 BCE  5500 BCE
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