Home Region: Northeast Africa (Africa)

Egypt - Kushite Period

747 BCE 656 BCE

D G SC WF R CC

EQ 2020 eg_kushite / SdKusht

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

1069 BCE 747 BCE Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period (eg_thebes_libyan) [continuity]

Succeeding Entity:

No Polity found. Add one here.

General Description

Towards the end of the preceding Thebes-Libyan period, the northern reaches of the Nile River were invaded by Amun-worshipping Kushites from the south who had built up a strong state based in Napata, in the Sudan, at the foot of Gebel Barkal mountain. ^[1] The first Kushite ruler of Egypt, Piye, was crowned in Napata; ^[2] this remained the capital of the Kushite Empire until c. 716 BCE, when the entire Nile Valley up to the delta was acquired under Shabaka, ^[3] who then moved the capital and royal residence from Napata to Memphis in order to emphasize the foreign dynasty’s respect for traditional Egyptian customs. ^[4] ^[5] Kushite rule of Egypt (the Twenty-fifth Dynasty) occurred within an extremely complex political climate that has been the cause of much debate among historians. The Twenty-third Dynasty of the preceding Thebes-Libyan Period survived throughout this period, only to be toppled by the first ruler of the Saite Kingdom, Psamtek I (r. 664-610; Twenty-sixth Dynasty). The Egyptologist Jeremy Pope concludes that the ’Double Kingdom’ (Kushite and Libyo-Egyptian) had some form of ’nominal unity’ across a large territory. ^[6]
Population and political organization
Scholars debate the extent to which there was a centralized bureaucracy in Egypt under Kushite rule. In Lower Nubia, the Kushite king may have exercised power through ’invisible elites’ such as merchants, pastoralists, and local potentates - ’a striking contrast with the bureaucratic formalization of Upper Egypt’. ^[7] Archaeologist Robert Morkot has argued that the Twenty-fifth Dynasty kept the Egyptian administrative system largely unchanged, making only relatively minor alterations such as appointing new individuals or families to official positions. ^[8] However, Jeremy Pope believes that we cannot use New Kingdom analogies to draw conclusions about Kushite governing principles, and that ’central authority and administration had disappeared’ in this period. ^[9] The Egyptian position of vizier probably continued but was ’deprived of effective power’. ^[10]
What is not in doubt is that the Kushite king was a powerful military ruler and, in the Libyan tradition, likely made marriage alliances with the elite throughout Egypt. ^[11] In general, Kushite rule drew its power from military capacity and the day-to-day workings of local government were left in the hands of the Egyptian dynasts. ^[12] Nubians and Egyptians also shared a common set of religious practices. King Piye, who successfully invaded Egypt, boasted of his divine legitimacy on a stele: ’Amon of Napata has made me sovereign over every people’, ^[3] and established an official cult of Amun around 780-760 BCE; his sister became priestess. ^[13] The existing powerful religious offices in Upper Egypt were also important for Kushite rule: the position of God’s Wife (or Divine Adoratrice) at Thebes was maintained due to its political utility, and Kushite royals were installed as high priests. ^[12] In earlier times, the high priest at Thebes had exercised both civil and military authority, but the Kushites maintained their own Kushite military commanders, while civil authority was given initially to Kushite governors and later to ’Theban bureaucrats’. ^[14] The end of Kushite rule in Egypt and the beginning of the Saite Dynasty furnishes a rare example of a peaceful transition, involving the adoption of the Saite princess Nitocris by the last Kushite Divine Adoratrice of Amun, Amenirdis II, in 656 BC. ^[15]
Kushite-period Memphis, where the chief royal residence was based, ^[5] is thought to have had a population of perhaps 65,000; the first capital, Napata, about 43,000. The Kushite Empire spanned roughly 600,000-700,000 square kilometres, but it is difficult to find reliable estimates for its population.

[1]: (Leclant 1981, 285) J. Leclant. 1981. ’The Empire of Kush: Napata and Meroe’, in General History of Africa, Vol II: Ancient Civilizations of Africa, edited by G. Mokhtar, 278-97. Paris: UNESCO.

[2]: (Török 1997, 154) László Török. 1997. The Kingdom of Kush: Handbook of the Napatan-Meriotic Civilization Handbook of Oriental Studies, No. 31. Leiden: Brill.

[3]: (Leclant 1981, 280) J. Leclant. 1981. ’The Empire of Kush: Napata and Meroe’, in General History of Africa, Vol II: Ancient Civilizations of Africa, edited by G. Mokhtar, 278-97. Paris: UNESCO.

[4]: (Török 1997, 167) László Török. 1997. The Kingdom of Kush: Handbook of the Napatan-Meriotic Civilization Handbook of Oriental Studies, No. 31. Leiden: Brill.

[5]: (Taylor 2000, 349) John Taylor. 2000. ’The Third Intermediate Period (1069-664 BC)’, in The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, edited by Ian Shaw, 324-63. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[6]: (Pope 2014, 280) Jeremy Pope. 2014. The Double Kingdom Under Taharqo. Leiden: Brill.

[7]: (Pope 2014, 191) Jeremy Pope. 2014. The Double Kingdom Under Taharqo. Leiden: Brill.

[8]: (Morkot 2013, 963) Robert G. Morkot. 2014. ’Thebes under the Kushites’, in Tombs of the South Asasif Necropolis: Thebes, Karakhamun (TT 223), and Karabasken (TT 391) in the Twenty-fifth Dynasty, edited by Elena Pischikova, 5-22. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.

[9]: (Pope 2014, 203) Jeremy Pope. 2014. The Double Kingdom Under Taharqo. Leiden: Brill.

[10]: (Taylor 2000, 348) John Taylor. 2000. ’The Third Intermediate Period (1069-664 BC)’, in The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, edited by Ian Shaw, 324-63. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[11]: (Morkot 2013, 961) Robert G. Morkot. 2014. ’Thebes under the Kushites’, in Tombs of the South Asasif Necropolis: Thebes, Karakhamun (TT 223), and Karabasken (TT 391) in the Twenty-fifth Dynasty, edited by Elena Pischikova, 5-22. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.

[12]: (O’Connor 1983, 243) David O’Connor. 1983. ’Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period c. 2686-1552 BC’, in Ancient Egypt: A Social History, edited by Bruce G. Trigger, Barry J. Kemp, David O’Connor and Alan B. Lloyd, 183-278. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[13]: (Török 1997, 144) László Török. 1997. The Kingdom of Kush: Handbook of the Napatan-Meriotic Civilization Handbook of Oriental Studies, No. 31. Leiden: Brill.

[14]: (O’Connor 1983, 208) David O’Connor. 1983. ’Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period c. 2686-1552 BC’, in Ancient Egypt: A Social History, edited by Bruce G. Trigger, Barry J. Kemp, David O’Connor and Alan B. Lloyd, 183-278. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[15]: (Morkot 2013) Robert G. Morkot. 2014. ’Thebes under the Kushites’, in Tombs of the South Asasif Necropolis: Thebes, Karakhamun (TT 223), and Karabasken (TT 391) in the Twenty-fifth Dynasty, edited by Elena Pischikova, 5-22. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

4 Capital

8 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Scale of Supracultural Interaction

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

1 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

2 Language

Religion

1 Religion Genus

1 Alternate Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

1 Entertainment Building

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

1 Fastest Individual Communication

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases

1 Crisis Consequence

Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

Instability Events

6 Instability Event

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Egypt - Kushite Period (eg_kushite) was in:
(760 BCE 656 BCE)	Upper Egypt

Home NGA: Upper Egypt

General Variables

Identity and Location Egypt - Kushite Period (eg_kushite)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	36 P	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Original Name	Egypt - Kushite Period	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Capital	Napata	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Capital	Memphis	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Capital	Napata	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Capital	Meroe	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Alternative Name	25th Dynasty	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Alternative Name	Ethiopian Dynasty	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Alternative Name	Kingdom of Napata	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Alternative Name	Cush	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Alternative Name	Kush	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Alternative Name	Kushite Kingdom	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Alternative Name	Kush Empire	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Alternative Name	Kushite Empire	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Temporal Bounds Egypt - Kushite Period (eg_kushite)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	663 BCE
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Duration	[747 BCE ➜ 656 BCE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Egypt - Kushite Period (eg_kushite)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	none	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Supracultural Entity	Nubia	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Succeeding Entity	Neo-Assyrian Empire	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Scale of Supracultural Interaction	[150,000 to 250,000] km²	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Preceding Entity 1069 BCE 747 BCE	Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period (eg_thebes_libyan) [continuity]
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Degree of Centralization	confederated state	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Language Egypt - Kushite Period (eg_kushite)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Afro-Asiatic	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Language	Merotic	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Language	Egyptian	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Religion Egypt - Kushite Period (eg_kushite)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religion Genus	Egyptian Religions	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Alternate Religion	Uncoded Undecided	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Egypt - Kushite Period (eg_kushite)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	65,000 people	700 BCE
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Polity Territory	[600,000 to 700,000] km²	700 BCE
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Polity Population	[2,500,000 to 3,000,000] people	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Hierarchical Complexity Egypt - Kushite Period (eg_kushite)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	[4 to 5]	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Religious Level	6	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Military Level	[4 to 6]	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Administrative Level	5	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Professions Egypt - Kushite Period (eg_kushite)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Present	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Professional Priesthood	Present	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Professional Military Officer	Present	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Egypt - Kushite Period (eg_kushite)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Merit Promotion	Unknown Suspected	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Present	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Examination System	Absent Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Law Egypt - Kushite Period (eg_kushite)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Absent Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Judge	Absent Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Formal Legal Code	Unknown Suspected	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Court	Unknown Suspected	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Egypt - Kushite Period (eg_kushite)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Irrigation System	Present	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Food Storage Site	Present	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Absent Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Entertainment Building	Uncoded Undecided	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Transport Infrastructure Egypt - Kushite Period (eg_kushite)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Port	Present Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Canal	Present Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Bridge	Present Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Special-purpose Sites Egypt - Kushite Period (eg_kushite)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Information / Writing System Egypt - Kushite Period (eg_kushite)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Script	Present	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Absent	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Nonwritten Record	Present	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Present	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Mnemonic Device	Unknown Suspected	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Egypt - Kushite Period (eg_kushite)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Present Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Sacred Text	Present	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Religious Literature	Present Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Practical Literature	Present Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Philosophy	Present Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Present	747 BCE 656 BCE
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History	Present Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Fiction	Present Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Calendar	Present	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Information / Money Egypt - Kushite Period (eg_kushite)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Unknown Suspected	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Precious Metal	Present Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Paper Currency	Absent Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Indigenous Coin	Absent Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Foreign Coin	Absent Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Article	Present	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Information / Postal System Egypt - Kushite Period (eg_kushite)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Unknown Suspected	747 BCE 656 BCE
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General Postal Service	Absent Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Courier	Present	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Fastest Individual Communication	- Undecided	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Information / Measurement System Egypt - Kushite Period (eg_kushite)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Egypt - Kushite Period (eg_kushite)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Present Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Present Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Unknown Suspected	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Moat	Unknown Suspected	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Fortified Camp	Present Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Earth Rampart	Present Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Ditch	Present Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Complex Fortification	Absent	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Long Wall	absent	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Military use of Metals Egypt - Kushite Period (eg_kushite)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Unknown Suspected	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Iron	Present	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Copper	Present Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Bronze	Present Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Projectiles Egypt - Kushite Period (eg_kushite)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Absent	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Sling	Present	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Self Bow	Present	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Javelin	Present Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Crossbow	Absent Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Composite Bow	Present Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Atlatl	Absent	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Handheld weapons Egypt - Kushite Period (eg_kushite)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Absent Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Sword	Present	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Spear	Present Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Polearm	Unknown Suspected	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Dagger	Present Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Battle Axe	Absent Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Animals used in warfare Egypt - Kushite Period (eg_kushite)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Elephant	Present	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Donkey	Unknown Suspected	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Dog	Absent	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Camel	Absent Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Armor Egypt - Kushite Period (eg_kushite)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Present Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Shield	Present Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Scaled Armor	Present Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Plate Armor	Absent Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Limb Protection	Present Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Leather Cloth	Present Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Laminar Armor	Absent Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Helmet	Present Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Chainmail	Absent Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Breastplate	Present Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Naval technology Egypt - Kushite Period (eg_kushite)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Absent Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Present Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Absent Inferred	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Egypt - Kushite Period (eg_kushite)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Present	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Present	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Present	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Present	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Present	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Present	747 BCE 656 BCE
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Human Sacrifice Egypt - Kushite Period (eg_kushite)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More