Home Region: Anatolia-Caucasus (Southwest Asia)

Rum Sultanate

1077 CE 1307 CE

D G SC WF R

EQ 2020 tr_rum_sultanate / TrRum**

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

1073 CE 1204 CE Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3) [absorption]

Succeeding Entity:

No Polity found. Add one here.

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General Description

The Seljuk Sultanate of Rum (1077-1307 CE) was probably founded by Suleman Qotlomos after a Turkmen tribe in Syria asked him to lead them. ^[1] The early years of the Sultanate are, however, extremely murky as it is unlikely that any local Muslim chronicles were written. ^[1]
It is likely that the government was a largely military arrangement. The regional apparatus was organised with military officials overseeing local tax collectors. The amirs were granted land by the Sultan in return for military service ^[2]
At his royal court a core of senior bureaucrats and scribes assisted with the central administration. ^[1] Land, and the right to collect revenue for it, was also distributed by the Sultan to senior officials. ^[1] These positions and the land grants often became hereditary. ^[1]
The early 13th century was probably the high point of the Sultanate of Rum ^[1] before Anatolia came under the authority of invading Mongols in the 1240s CE. ^[1] Konya was the largest city of the polity with 30,000-40,000 inhabitants. Crusaders who reached there in 1190 reckoned it was “the size of Cologne". ^[3]

[1]: (Peacock 2010) Andrew Peacock ’Saljuqs iii. Saljuqs of Rum. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/saljuqs-iii

[2]: (Fodor 2009, 197) Pal Fodor. “Ottoman Warfare, 1300-1453.” In The Cambridge History of Turkey, edited by Kate Fleet, Suraiya Faroqhi, and Reşat Kasaba, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[3]: (Cahen 2001, 121) Claude Cahen. 2001. The Formation of Turkey: The Seljukid Sultanate of Rūm: Eleventh to Fourteenth Century. Translated by P. M. Holt. A History of the Near East. Harlow, England: Longman.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

1 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

2 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

1 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

2 Linguistic Family

3 Language

Religion

1 Religion Genus

1 Religion Family

1 Alternate Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

1 Debt And Credit Structure

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

4 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

Instability Events

26 Instability Event

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Rum Sultanate (tr_rum_sultanate) was in:
(1093 CE 1243 CE)	Konya Plain

Home NGA: Konya Plain

General Variables

Identity and Location Rum Sultanate (tr_rum_sultanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	36 S	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Original Name	Sultanate of Rum	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Capital	Konya	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Alternative Name	Bilad al-Rum	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Temporal Bounds Rum Sultanate (tr_rum_sultanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	[1220 CE ➜ 1237 CE]
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Duration	[1077 CE ➜ 1307 CE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Rum Sultanate (tr_rum_sultanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	tr_rum_sultanate vassalage to ir_il_khanate	1243 CE 1307 CE
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Suprapolity Relations	tr_rum_sultanate nominal allegiance to iq_abbasid_cal_2	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Supracultural Entity	Islam	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Succeeding Entity	Mongol Empire	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	cultural assimilation	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Preceding Entity 1073 CE 1204 CE	Byzantine Empire III (tr_byzantine_emp_3) [absorption]
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Degree of Centralization	confederated state	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Language Rum Sultanate (tr_rum_sultanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Indo-European	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Linguistic Family	Afro-Asiatic	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Language	Turkish	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Language	Persian	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Language	Arabic	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Religion Rum Sultanate (tr_rum_sultanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religion Genus	Islam	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Religion Family	Sunni	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Alternate Religion	Uncoded Undecided	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Rum Sultanate (tr_rum_sultanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	[30,000 to 40,000] people	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Polity Territory	[250,000 to 300,000] km²	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Polity Population	[1,500,000 to 2,000,000] people	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Rum Sultanate (tr_rum_sultanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	4	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Religious Level	4	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Military Level	6	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Administrative Level	[4 to 5]	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Professions Rum Sultanate (tr_rum_sultanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Rum Sultanate (tr_rum_sultanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Merit Promotion	Absent Inferred	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Examination System	Absent Inferred	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Law Rum Sultanate (tr_rum_sultanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Judge	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Court	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Rum Sultanate (tr_rum_sultanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Unknown Suspected	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Rum Sultanate (tr_rum_sultanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Port	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Canal	Uncoded Undecided	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Bridge	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Rum Sultanate (tr_rum_sultanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Information / Writing System Rum Sultanate (tr_rum_sultanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Script	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Nonwritten Record	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Absent	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Mnemonic Device	Uncoded Undecided	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Rum Sultanate (tr_rum_sultanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Sacred Text	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Religious Literature	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Practical Literature	Present Inferred	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Philosophy	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Present Inferred	1077 CE 1307 CE
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History	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Fiction	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Calendar	Present Inferred	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Information / Money Rum Sultanate (tr_rum_sultanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Uncoded Undecided	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Precious Metal	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Paper Currency	Absent Inferred	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Foreign Coin	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Article	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Debt And Credit Structure	Uncoded Undecided	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Information / Postal System Rum Sultanate (tr_rum_sultanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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General Postal Service	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Courier	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Information / Measurement System Rum Sultanate (tr_rum_sultanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Rum Sultanate (tr_rum_sultanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Unknown Suspected	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Unknown Suspected	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Present Inferred	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Unknown Suspected	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Modern Fortification	Absent Inferred	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Moat	Unknown Suspected	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Fortified Camp	Unknown Suspected	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Earth Rampart	Present Inferred	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Ditch	Unknown Suspected	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Complex Fortification	Absent	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Long Wall	absent	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Military use of Metals Rum Sultanate (tr_rum_sultanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Present Inferred	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Iron	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Projectiles Rum Sultanate (tr_rum_sultanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Unknown Suspected	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	1077 CE 1187 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Unknown Suspected	1188 CE 1199 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Present Inferred	1200 CE 1299 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Present	1300 CE 1307 CE
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Sling	Unknown Suspected	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Self Bow	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Javelin	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Crossbow	Present Inferred	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Composite Bow	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Atlatl	Absent	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Handheld weapons Rum Sultanate (tr_rum_sultanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Sword	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Spear	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Polearm	Present Inferred	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Dagger	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Battle Axe	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Animals used in warfare Rum Sultanate (tr_rum_sultanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Elephant	Absent Inferred	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Donkey	Present Inferred	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Dog	Unknown Suspected	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Camel	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Armor Rum Sultanate (tr_rum_sultanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Present Inferred	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Shield	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Scaled Armor	Unknown Suspected	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Plate Armor	Present Inferred	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Limb Protection	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Leather Cloth	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Laminar Armor	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Helmet	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Chainmail	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Breastplate	Present Inferred	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Naval technology Rum Sultanate (tr_rum_sultanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Present Inferred	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Present Inferred	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Unknown Suspected	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Rum Sultanate (tr_rum_sultanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Present	1077 CE 1307 CE
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Human Sacrifice Rum Sultanate (tr_rum_sultanate)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More