Home Region: Northeast Asia (East Asia)

Kansai - Yayoi Period

300 BCE 250 CE

D G SC WF R CC

EQ 2020 jp_yayoi / JpYayoi

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

1200 BCE 300 BCE Japan - Final Jomon (jp_jomon_6) [population replacement]

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

250 CE 537 CE Kansai - Kofun Period (jp_kofun) [continuity]

General Description

The Yayoi period in the Kansai region (Yayoi period in the Kinki region) is an Iron Age period in Japan marked by the introduction of rice farming, metalworking, cloth making, and new forms of pottery from continental Asia. ^[1] The beginning of the Yayoi period was characterized by substantial changes and the introduction of new cultural features in the daily life. In the early Yayoi period (ca. 400 BCE - 200 BCE; 300 - 100 BCE) such innovations consisted of new type of houses, burial practices, settlement structures and more importantly of the introduction of full scale farming. ^[2] ^[3] The new type of house, consisting of a rectangular or round sub-types,spread throughout western Japan (from Kyushu to Kansai) by the end of the Early Yayoi period. In this period settlements started being enclosed by V-sectioned ditches. ^[4] Another important change was that, in a given settlement, burial grounds were separated by the dwelling area. The dead were mostly buried in rectangular ditch-enclosed burial compounds covered by low earthen mounds. The introduction of rice paddy field agriculture had big impact in the social structure of the Japanese Yayoi communities. The archaeological evidence of paddy fields suggest that Yayoi communities were able to set up paddies in different topographic and climatic environments. Their maintenance and construction required an unprecedented scale of collaboration and social organization. ^[5]
The Middle Yayoi period saw also an increase of stone and metal tools, bronze mirrors and weapons deposited mainly as grave goods and Dokatu bronze bells deposited as ritual tools. The spread of bronze mirrors and metal objects can be interpreted as the result of trade contacts between western japanese chiefdoms and the Chinese Lelang commandery in Korean peninsula. ^[6] During the Late Yayoi period (1/50-200 CE; 100 - 300 CE) we have marked evidence of social stratification. ^[7]
During the Yayoi/Kofun Transition Period (200-250/75 CE), according to Mizoguchi’s periodization, ^[8] or the final Late Yayoi period, according to Barnes’ periodization, in western Japan emerged the polity (perhaps a chiefdom) of Yamatai ruled by the queen Himiko. Unfortunately, the evidence of the presence of this polity come from the Chinese dynastic histories and there is not agreement among the scholars about the location of Yamatai. Some scholars located Yamatai in northern Kyushu, ^[9] while others located it in Kansai. ^[10] ^[11] The queen Himiko may have seized the power between the 189 and the 238 CE and her death could be dated to the 248 CE. ^[12]
Population and political organization
In the Early Yayoi period, significant features such as ditch-enclosed settlements, paddy fields and irrigation systems required a hierarchical structure able to mobilize the needed labour force and coordinate different tasks. As consequence, the Early Yayoi period saw the emergence of a ranked society, where members of a "warrior class" were responsible for guaranteeing and protecting communal interests. ^[13]
In the Middle Yayoi period (ca. 200 BCE - 1/50 CE; 100 BCE - 100 CE) there is a significant increase in the population, which results in the emergence of large central-type settlements. Hence, there is a two-tiered settlement hierarchy characterized by larger villages acting as regional centres and smaller satellite settlements. A Middle Yayoi settlement was composed of several residential units (hamlets)that were part of a larger kin-based corporate group cross-cutting several different villages. ^[5] This would have favoured the relations and cooperation between villages on regional scale. There is a peer-polity interaction between the chiefdoms distributed in Western Japan. Each hamlet had its own burial ground and storage facilities and perhaps was occupied by 30 individuals. The regional centres of Western Japan often contained more than 3-4 hamlets and could reach an overall population higher than 200 inhabitants. More research is needed on total Yayoi population.
We know from the Chinese documents that the Japanese chiefs acquired the title of wang (king) ad consequence of the tribute they submitted to the Chinese Han dynasty trough the Lelang commandery. ^[14] In the Middle Yayoi period burial compounds, mortuary rectangular allotments usually enclosed by a ditch and covered by an earth mound, are introduced. The spatial distribution of these burial features (usually located beside large regional centres), their skeletal remains (almost all adult males) and their grave good assemblages (bronze weapons, bronze mirrors, cylindrical beads, etc.) suggest that the individuals buried in the compounds were regional chiefs or leaders belonging to a number of corporate groups. ^[15] ^[16] Overall, the evidence suggest that the status of the elite was achieved rather than being ascribed.
In the Late Yayoi period, the elites started showing their dominance within a settlement by living in clear marked compounds enclosed by ditches and containing raised-floor storage buildings. In addition, clustering of iron tools have been found in proximity of the elites compounds. This evidence suggest that the elites controlled the means of production and the storage and distribution of products. ^[7] In this period in the rectangular burial compounds, not only adults, but also children and infants were buried, suggesting that the elite status was no longer achieved during their lifetimes but inherited at birth. The population saw also an intensification of inter-communal competition.

[1]: (Mason 1997, 22) Mason, R,H.P and J.G. Caiger. 1997. A History of Japan. Vermont: Tuttle Publishing. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/HC5A5QFR

[2]: K. Mizoguchi, 2013. The Archaeology of Japan. From the Earliest Rice Farming Villages to the Rise of the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 79-80.

[3]: Hudson, M. J., 2007. "Japanese beginnings."In: W. Tsutsui (ed.), A Companion to Japanese History. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 20.

[4]: K. Mizoguchi, 2013. The Archaeology of Japan. From the Earliest Rice Farming Villages to the Rise of the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 84-85.

[5]: K. Mizoguchi, 2013. The Archaeology of Japan. From the Earliest Rice Farming Villages to the Rise of the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 120.

[6]: G. Barnes, 2007. State formation in Japan: Emergence of a 4th-century ruling elite. Routledge, 61-65.

[7]: K. Mizoguchi, 2013. The Archaeology of Japan. From the Earliest Rice Farming Villages to the Rise of the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 202-203.

[8]: K. Mizoguchi, 2013. The Archaeology of Japan. From the Earliest Rice Farming Villages to the Rise of the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 214.

[9]: Takemoto, T. 1983. ‘The Kyishi Dynasty’. Japan Quarterly 30 (4): 383-97.

[10]: Miller, R. 1967. The Japanese language. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 16-18.

[11]: Edwards, W., 1999. ‘Mirrors on ancient Yamato’. Monumenta Nipponica 54 (1, spring): 75-110.

[12]: Kidder, J. E., 2007. Himiko and Japan’s elusive chiefdom of Yamatai: archaeology, history, and mythology. University of Hawaii Press, 161.

[13]: K. Mizoguchi, 2013. The Archaeology of Japan. From the Earliest Rice Farming Villages to the Rise of the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 102.

[14]: G. Barnes, 2007. State formation in Japan: Emergence of a 4th-century ruling elite. Routledge, 71.

[15]: Mizoguchi, K., 2002. An archaeological history of Japan, 30,000 B.P. to A.D. 700. University of Pennsylvania Press, 142-47.

[16]: K. Mizoguchi, 2013. The Archaeology of Japan. From the Earliest Rice Farming Villages to the Rise of the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 150-154.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

2 Capital

2 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

2 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Scale of Supracultural Interaction

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

1 Largest Communication Distance

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

2 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

2 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

1 Weight Measurement System

1 Volume Measurement System

1 Time Measurement System

1 Geometrical Measurement System

1 Area Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

2 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

2 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

2 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases

1 Crisis Consequence

Power Transitions

9 Power Transition

Instability Events Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Kansai - Yayoi Period (jp_yayoi) was in:
(300 BCE 249 CE)	Kansai

Home NGA: Kansai

General Variables

Identity and Location Kansai - Yayoi Period (jp_yayoi)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	53 S	300 BCE 250 CE
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Original Name	Kansai - Yayoi Period	300 BCE 250 CE
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Capital	Karako	300 BCE 250 CE
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Capital	Ikegami-Sone	300 BCE 250 CE
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Alternative Name	Yayoi Period in Kinki region	300 BCE 250 CE
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Alternative Name	Yayoi Period in Kinai region	300 BCE 250 CE
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Temporal Bounds Kansai - Yayoi Period (jp_yayoi)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	125 CE
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Duration	[300 BCE ➜ 250 CE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Kansai - Yayoi Period (jp_yayoi)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	jp_yayoi nominal allegiance to cn_eastern_han_dyn Inferred	57 CE 107 CE
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Suprapolity Relations	jp_yayoi nominal allegiance to cn_wei_k Inferred	238 CE 247 CE
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Supracultural Entity	Western horizon	300 BCE 250 CE
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Succeeding Entity	Kansai - Kofun Period	300 BCE 250 CE
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Scale of Supracultural Interaction	78,000 km²	300 BCE 250 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	population migration	300 BCE 250 CE
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Preceding Entity 1200 BCE 300 BCE	Japan - Final Jomon (jp_jomon_6) [population replacement]
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Succeeding Entity 250 CE 537 CE	Kansai - Kofun Period (jp_kofun) [continuity]
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Degree of Centralization	quasi-polity	300 BCE 250 CE
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Language Kansai - Yayoi Period (jp_yayoi)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Japonic	300 BCE 250 CE
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Language	Japanese	300 BCE 250 CE
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Religion Kansai - Yayoi Period (jp_yayoi)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Kansai - Yayoi Period (jp_yayoi)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	[1,000 to 2,000] people	300 BCE 250 CE
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Polity Territory	- Undecided	300 BCE 250 CE
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Polity Population	[1,500 to 3,000] people	300 BCE 250 CE
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Largest Communication Distance	- Undecided	300 BCE 250 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Kansai - Yayoi Period (jp_yayoi)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	2	300 BCE 250 CE
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Religious Level	1	300 BCE 250 CE
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Military Level	[2 to 3]	300 BCE 250 CE
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Administrative Level	[1 to 2]	300 BCE 250 CE
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Professions Kansai - Yayoi Period (jp_yayoi)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Present Uncertain	300 BCE 250 CE
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Professional Soldier	Absent Uncertain	300 BCE 250 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 250 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Present Uncertain	300 BCE 250 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Absent Uncertain	300 BCE 250 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Kansai - Yayoi Period (jp_yayoi)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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Merit Promotion	Absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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Examination System	Absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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Law Kansai - Yayoi Period (jp_yayoi)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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Judge	Absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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Court	Absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Kansai - Yayoi Period (jp_yayoi)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Uncoded Undecided	300 BCE 250 CE
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Irrigation System	Present	300 BCE 250 CE
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Food Storage Site	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 250 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Kansai - Yayoi Period (jp_yayoi)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Uncoded Undecided	300 BCE 250 CE
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Port	Absent Inferred	300 BCE 250 CE
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Canal	Absent Inferred	300 BCE 250 CE
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Bridge	- Undecided	300 BCE 250 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Kansai - Yayoi Period (jp_yayoi)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present Inferred	300 BCE 250 CE
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Information / Writing System Kansai - Yayoi Period (jp_yayoi)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present Inferred	300 BCE 250 CE
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Script	Present Inferred	300 BCE 250 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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Nonwritten Record	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 250 CE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Present Inferred	300 BCE 250 CE
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Mnemonic Device	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 250 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Kansai - Yayoi Period (jp_yayoi)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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Sacred Text	Absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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Religious Literature	Absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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Practical Literature	Absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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Philosophy	Absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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History	Absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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Fiction	Absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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Calendar	Absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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Information / Money Kansai - Yayoi Period (jp_yayoi)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Unknown	300 BCE 250 CE
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Precious Metal	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 250 CE
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Paper Currency	Absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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Foreign Coin	Present	300 BCE 250 CE
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Article	Present	300 BCE 250 CE
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Information / Postal System Kansai - Yayoi Period (jp_yayoi)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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General Postal Service	Absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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Courier	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 250 CE
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Information / Measurement System Kansai - Yayoi Period (jp_yayoi)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Weight Measurement System	Uncoded Undecided	300 BCE 250 CE
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Volume Measurement System	Uncoded Undecided	300 BCE 250 CE
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Time Measurement System	Uncoded Undecided	300 BCE 250 CE
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Geometrical Measurement System	Uncoded Undecided	300 BCE 250 CE
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Area Measurement System	Uncoded Undecided	300 BCE 250 CE
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Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Kansai - Yayoi Period (jp_yayoi)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 99 CE
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Wooden Palisade	Present Inferred	100 CE 250 CE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 250 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 250 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present	300 BCE 250 CE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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Moat	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 99 CE
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Moat	Present Inferred	100 CE 250 CE
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Fortified Camp	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 250 CE
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Earth Rampart	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 99 CE
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Earth Rampart	Present Inferred	100 CE 250 CE
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Ditch	Present	300 BCE 250 CE
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Complex Fortification	Absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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Long Wall	absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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Military use of Metals Kansai - Yayoi Period (jp_yayoi)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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Iron	Present	300 BCE 250 CE
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Copper	Present	300 BCE 250 CE
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Bronze	Present	300 BCE 250 CE
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Projectiles Kansai - Yayoi Period (jp_yayoi)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent Inferred	300 BCE 250 CE
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Sling	Present	300 BCE 250 CE
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Self Bow	Present	300 BCE 250 CE
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Javelin	Absent Inferred	300 BCE 250 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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Crossbow	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 250 CE
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Composite Bow	Absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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Atlatl	Absent Inferred	300 BCE 250 CE
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Handheld weapons Kansai - Yayoi Period (jp_yayoi)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 250 CE
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Sword	Present	300 BCE 250 CE
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Spear	Present	300 BCE 250 CE
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Polearm	Present	300 BCE 250 CE
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Dagger	Present	300 BCE 250 CE
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Battle Axe	Present	300 BCE 250 CE
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Animals used in warfare Kansai - Yayoi Period (jp_yayoi)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 250 CE
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Elephant	Absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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Donkey	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 250 CE
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Dog	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 250 CE
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Camel	Absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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Armor Kansai - Yayoi Period (jp_yayoi)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Present	300 BCE 250 CE
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Shield	Present	300 BCE 250 CE
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Scaled Armor	Absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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Plate Armor	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 250 CE
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Limb Protection	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 250 CE
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Leather Cloth	Present	300 BCE 250 CE
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Laminar Armor	Absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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Helmet	Absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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Chainmail	Absent Inferred	300 BCE 250 CE
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Breastplate	Absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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Naval technology Kansai - Yayoi Period (jp_yayoi)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 250 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 250 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Unknown Suspected	300 BCE 250 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Kansai - Yayoi Period (jp_yayoi)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Absent Inferred	300 BCE 250 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present	300 BCE 250 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present	300 BCE 250 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present	300 BCE 250 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Present	300 BCE 250 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Absent	300 BCE 250 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Unknown	300 BCE 250 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Present	300 BCE 250 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present	300 BCE 250 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Absent Inferred	300 BCE 250 CE
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Human Sacrifice Kansai - Yayoi Period (jp_yayoi)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More