[1]: Mizoguchi, K., 2009.Nodes and edges: A network approach to hierarchisation and state formation in Japan. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 28, 15.
[2]: G. Barnes, 2007. State formation in Japan: Emergence of a 4th-century ruling elite. Routledge, 7.
[3]: Hirose, K. 1992. ‘Zenphkhenfun no Kinai hennen [Chronology of keyhole tombs in the Kinai]’. In Y. Kondh (ed.). Kinki-hen, pp. 24-6.
[4]: K. Mizoguchi, 2013. The Archaeology of Japan. From the Earliest Rice Farming Villages to the Rise of the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 221-226.
[5]: G. Barnes, 2007. State formation in Japan: Emergence of a 4th-century ruling elite. Routledge, 9.
[6]: G. Barnes, 2007. State formation in Japan: Emergence of a 4th-century ruling elite. Routledge, 10.
[7]: K. Mizoguchi, 2013. The Archaeology of Japan. From the Earliest Rice Farming Villages to the Rise of the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 243.
[8]: K. Mizoguchi, 2013. The Archaeology of Japan. From the Earliest Rice Farming Villages to the Rise of the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 259-264.
[9]: K. Mizoguchi, 2013. The Archaeology of Japan. From the Earliest Rice Farming Villages to the Rise of the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 249-250.
[10]: Kawamura, Y. 2004. ‘Shoki Wa seiken to tamazukuri shidan [Early Wa authority and bead production]’. Khkogaku Kenkyi 50 (4): 55-75.
[11]: G. Barnes, 2007. State formation in Japan: Emergence of a 4th-century ruling elite. Routledge, 9-10.
[12]: K. Mizoguchi, 2013. The Archaeology of Japan. From the Earliest Rice Farming Villages to the Rise of the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 260-263.
[13]: K. Mizoguchi, 2013. The Archaeology of Japan. From the Earliest Rice Farming Villages to the Rise of the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 262.
[14]: Barnes, G., 2006. ‘Ritualized beadstone in Kofun-period society’. East Asia Journal: studies in material culture 2(1).
[15]: Kaner, Simon. "The Archaeology of Religion and Ritual in the Prehistoric Japanese Archipelago." The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Ritual and Religion (2011): 457-469.
[16]: Shiraishi, T., 1999. ‘Kofun kara mita yamato Hken to Azuma [Viewing Yamato kingly authority and the eastern provinces from mounded tombs]’. Khkai khkogaku khza, pp. 15-17 (conference pamphlet). Maebashi: Gunma-ken Maizhbunkazai Chhsajigyhdan.
[17]: G. Barnes, 2007. State formation in Japan: Emergence of a 4th-century ruling elite. Routledge, 10-11.
[18]: K. Mizoguchi, 2013. The Archaeology of Japan. From the Earliest Rice Farming Villages to the Rise of the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 297-298.
[19]: K. Mizoguchi, 2013. The Archaeology of Japan. From the Earliest Rice Farming Villages to the Rise of the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 298.
[20]: K. Mizoguchi, 2013. The Archaeology of Japan. From the Earliest Rice Farming Villages to the Rise of the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 298-299.
[21]: G. Barnes, 2007. State formation in Japan: Emergence of a 4th-century ruling elite. Routledge, 14.
[22]: G. Barnes, 2007. State formation in Japan: Emergence of a 4th-century ruling elite. Routledge, 10, 14.
[23]: Kidder, J. E., 2007. Himiko and Japan’s elusive chiefdom of Yamatai: archaeology, history, and mythology. University of Hawaii Press, 60.
[24]: Koyama, S., 1978. Jomon Subsistence and Population. Senri Ethnological Studies 2. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology
| Year Range | Kansai - Kofun Period (jp_kofun) was in: |
|---|---|
| (250 CE 537 CE) | Kansai |
| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Capital | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Capital | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Capital | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Duration |
|
||||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Supracultural Entity | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Scale of Supracultural Interaction | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Degree of Centralization | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More |
|---|
| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Polity Territory | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Polity Population | 250 CE 400 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Polity Population | 401 CE 500 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Polity Population | 500 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Settlement Hierarchy | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Religious Level | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Military Level | 300 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Military Level | 400 CE 500 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Administrative Level | 250 CE 299 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Administrative Level | 300 CE 530 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Professional Soldier | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Professional Priesthood | 250 CE 500 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Professional Priesthood | 501 CE 531 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Professional Military Officer | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Specialized Government Building | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Merit Promotion | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Full Time Bureaucrat | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Professional Lawyer | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Judge | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Formal Legal Code | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Court | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Road | 250 CE 499 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Road | 250 CE 499 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Road | 500 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Port | 250 CE 499 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Port | 250 CE 499 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Port | 500 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Canal | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Bridge | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mines or Quarry | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Written Record | 250 CE 399 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Written Record | 399 CE 449 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Written Record | 450 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Script | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Phonetic Alphabetic Writing | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Nonwritten Record | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Non Phonetic Writing | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scientific Literature | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Sacred Text | 250 CE 399 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Sacred Text | 399 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Religious Literature | 250 CE 399 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Religious Literature | 399 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Practical Literature | 250 CE 399 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Practical Literature | 399 CE 449 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Practical Literature | 399 CE 449 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Practical Literature | 450 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Philosophy | 250 CE 399 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Philosophy | 399 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Lists Tables and Classification | 250 CE 399 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Lists Tables and Classification | 399 CE 449 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Lists Tables and Classification | 399 CE 449 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Lists Tables and Classification | 450 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| History | 250 CE 399 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| History | 399 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Fiction | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Calendar | 250 CE 399 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Calendar | 399 CE 449 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Calendar | 399 CE 449 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Calendar | 450 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Token | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Paper Currency | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Indigenous Coin | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Foreign Coin | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Article | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Courier | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Geometrical Measurement System | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wooden Palisade | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Stone Walls Non Mortared | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Stone Walls Mortared | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Settlements in a Defensive Position | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Modern Fortification | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Moat | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Earth Rampart | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Ditch | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Complex Fortification | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Steel | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Iron | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Copper | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Bronze | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tension Siege Engine | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Sling Siege Engine | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Sling | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Self Bow | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Javelin | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Handheld Firearm | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Gunpowder Siege Artillery | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Crossbow | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Composite Bow | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Atlatl | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| War Club | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Sword | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Spear | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Polearm | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Dagger | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Battle Axe | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Shield | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Scaled Armor | 250 CE 500 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Scaled Armor | 501 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Plate Armor | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Limb Protection | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Leather Cloth | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Laminar Armor | 250 CE 299 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Laminar Armor | 300 CE 349 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Laminar Armor | 350 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Helmet | 250 CE 400 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Helmet | 401 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Chainmail | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Breastplate | 250 CE 300 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Breastplate | 301 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Specialized Military Vessel | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Small Vessels Canoes Etc | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moralizing Enforcement is Broad | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Moralizing Enforcement in This Life | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Moralizing Enforcement is Certain | 250 CE 537 CE |
|
|||||||||
|
Loading...
|
|||||||||||
| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More |
|---|