Home Region: Central Europe (Europe)

Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I

1454 CE 1648 CE

D G SC R CC

OTHER at_habsburg_1

Preceding Entity:

No Polity found. Add one here.

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

1649 CE 1918 CE Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II (at_habsburg_2) [continuity]

Displayed:

Learn more about polity border choices. Map Modern Map only Opacity Year Play rate (y/s)
Hit enter after changing the year or setting the play rate.

General Description

Frederick III from the House of Habsburg was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1452, marking the beginning of an almost unbroken line of Habsburg Emperors.^[1]

He elevated the Duchy of Austria to Archduchy, a unique title specifically created for the House of Habsburg which elevated the Archduke above all other Dukes which signifies Austria’s position of power and influence within the Holy Roman Empire (HRE), but it was through the astute marriage policies—often summarized by the motto "Let others wage war, but you, happy Austria, marry"—that they significantly expanded their power.^[2]

Notably, the marriage of Maximilian I to Mary of Burgundy in 1477 brought the Habsburgs into possession of the Burgundian Netherlands, a valuable and strategically located set of territories.
The reign of Maximilian I (1493-1519) also saw further consolidation of Habsburg power within the HRE, culminating in his grandson Charles V’s election as Holy Roman Emperor in 1519. Charles V’s vast empire, spanning from Spain to parts of Italy, Germany, and the Americas, marked the peak of Habsburg power, embodying the phrase "the empire on which the sun never sets." His reign was marked by religious upheaval, including the Reformation, and constant military engagements, most notably against France and the Ottoman Empire.^[2]

The Kingdom of Bohemia was incorporated into Habsburg domains during this period. The process began with the marriage of Ferdinand I, a Habsburg, to Anna of Bohemia and Hungary in 1521, strategically positioning the Habsburgs for a claim to the Bohemian throne. The opportunity for direct control came in 1526, following the Battle of Mohács, after which Ferdinand I claimed the thrones of Bohemia and Hungary due to the death of Louis II, who died without an heir at the battle.^[3]

The period also witnessed the beginning of the long-standing struggle with the Ottoman Empire, including the first siege of Vienna in 1529, which marked the Ottoman Empire’s furthest advance into Europe. The military engagements against the Ottomans continued for decades, influencing the political and military strategies of the Habsburgs.^[4]

The period culminated in the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) , a defining conflict of this era. The war started as a religious conflict but evolved into a broader power struggle within Europe. The Habsburgs’ role in the war was central, with Ferdinand II’s attempts to consolidate Catholic power within the Empire leading to widespread conflict. The war concluded with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which had profound implications for the Habsburgs and the HRE, leading to the recognition of the sovereignty of the constituent states of the Empire and a decline in the central power of the Emperor.^[5]

[1]: Heinig, Kaiser Friedrich III. (1440-1493). Zotero link: LA5W94UA

[2]: Judson, The Habsburg Empire. Zotero link: SFXDYXYU

[3]: Jaroslav Pánek and Oldřich Tůma, A History of the Czech Lands (Prague: Karolinum Press, 2009). Zotero link: 5MFK58ZP

[4]: Klaus-Jürgen Bremm, Die Türken Vor Wien: Zwei Weltmächte Im Ringen Um Europa. Zotero link: VYHYLAE2

[5]: Arndt, Der Dreißigjährige Krieg. Zotero link: PULFEDKX

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

3 Capital

1 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Polity Succession

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language Genus

1 Language

Religion

1 Religious Tradition

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

3 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

2 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Irrigation System

1 Communal Building

1 Symbolic Building

1 Knowledge Or Information Building

1 Entertainment Building

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

1 Enclosure

1 Ceremonial Site

1 Burial Site

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Fastest Individual Communication

Information / Measurement System

1 Weight Measurement System

1 Volume Measurement System

1 Time Measurement System

1 Length Measurement System

1 Geometrical Measurement System

1 Area Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

Military use of Metals

Projectiles

Handheld weapons

Animals used in warfare

Armor

Naval technology

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases

1 Crisis Consequence

Power Transitions

8 Power Transition

Instability Events

33 Instability Event

General Variables

Identity and Location Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I (at_habsburg_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	33 U	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Original Name	Habsburg Empire II	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Capital	Vienna	1454 CE 1583 CE
Loading...

Capital	Prague	1583 CE 1611 CE
Loading...

Capital	Vienna	1611 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Alternative Name	33N	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Temporal Bounds Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I (at_habsburg_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	1553 CE
Loading...

Duration	[1454 CE ➜ 1648 CE]
Loading...

Political and Cultural Relations Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I (at_habsburg_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	es_spanish_emp_1 personal union with at_habsburg_1	1519 CE 1556 CE
Loading...

Succeeding Entity	Habsburg Empire III	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Succeeding Entity 1649 CE 1918 CE	Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II (at_habsburg_2) [continuity]
Loading...

Language Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I (at_habsburg_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Germanic	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Language Genus	Indo-European	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Language	German	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Religion Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I (at_habsburg_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religious Tradition	Christianity	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I (at_habsburg_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	20,000 people	1500 CE
Loading...

Population of the Largest Settlement	32,000 people	1550 CE
Loading...

Population of the Largest Settlement	50,000 people	1600 CE
Loading...

Polity Territory	225,390 km²	1648 CE
Loading...

Polity Population	1,250,000 people	1500 CE
Loading...

Polity Population	8,000,000 people	1600 CE
Loading...

Hierarchical Complexity Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I (at_habsburg_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	5	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Religious Level	5	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Administrative Level	[3 to 9]	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Professions Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I (at_habsburg_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Bureaucracy Characteristics Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I (at_habsburg_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Full Time Bureaucrat	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Examination System	Present Inferred	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Law Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I (at_habsburg_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Judge	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Formal Legal Code	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Court	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Specialized Buildings: polity owned Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I (at_habsburg_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Irrigation System	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Communal Building	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Symbolic Building	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Knowledge Or Information Building	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Entertainment Building	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Transport Infrastructure Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I (at_habsburg_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Port	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Canal	Unknown Suspected	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Bridge	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Special-purpose Sites Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I (at_habsburg_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Enclosure	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Ceremonial Site	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Burial Site	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Information / Writing System Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I (at_habsburg_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Script	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Nonwritten Record	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Non Phonetic Writing	Absent	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Mnemonic Device	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Information / Kinds of Written Documents Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I (at_habsburg_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Sacred Text	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Religious Literature	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Practical Literature	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Philosophy	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Lists Tables and Classification	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

History	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Fiction	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Calendar	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Information / Money Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I (at_habsburg_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Indigenous Coin	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Foreign Coin	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Information / Postal System Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I (at_habsburg_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Absent	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

General Postal Service	Absent	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Fastest Individual Communication	- Suspected	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Information / Measurement System Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I (at_habsburg_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Weight Measurement System	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Volume Measurement System	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Time Measurement System	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Length Measurement System	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Geometrical Measurement System	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Area Measurement System	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I (at_habsburg_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Military use of Metals Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I (at_habsburg_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Projectiles Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I (at_habsburg_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Handheld weapons Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I (at_habsburg_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Animals used in warfare Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I (at_habsburg_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Armor Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I (at_habsburg_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Naval technology Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I (at_habsburg_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I (at_habsburg_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Present	1454 CE 1648 CE
Loading...

Human Sacrifice Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I (at_habsburg_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More