Home Region: North China (East Asia)

Jin Dynasty

1115 CE 1234 CE

D G SC WF R CC

EQ 2020 cn_later_great_jin / CnLrJin

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

[continuity; Khitan Empire] [continuity] Update here

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

445 BCE 225 BCE Early Wei Dynasty (cn_wei_dyn_warring_states) [elite replacement]

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General Description

The Jin Dynasty (also known as the Great Jin or Jurchen Dynasty) ruled north China from 1115 to 1234 CE. ^[1] The dynasty was founded by a confederation of Jurchen tribes from around Manchuria that defeated the Liao in 1115 CE and then ousted the Northern Song. ^[2]
Jin forces captured the Northern Song capital of Kaifeng and forced the Song south in 1127 CE. ^[1] The Jin territory included part of Korea in northeast Asia, and Uighur and Tibetan land in western China. In 1153 CE, the Jurchen government moved its capital from Manchuria to modern-day Beijing.
This period was marked by conflict with the Southern Song and the Mongols. The Jurchen government also struggled with economic inflation and flooding. ^[1] In 1233 CE, the dynasty was conquered by Mongol forces, who then ruled as the Yuan dynasty. ^[1]
Population and political organization
The traditional Jurchen system of hereditary military chieftains was maintained by the first Jin ruler, Emperor Taizu. ^[3] After conquering the Liao and Northern Song, later rulers adopted a Chinese-style imperial central government, which was accepted as legitimate by Chinese Confucian scholars. ^[4] The Jin imperial government copied a number of Song institutions, including the nine-rank system for officials and recruitment by civil service examinations. ^[3]
The Jin Dynasty was the first period in Chinese history in which large populations of ethnic Han citizens were ruled by an outsider government. ^[1] While many Jurchen people moved from Manchuria into China during Jin rule, ^[4] they still only made up about 10 percent of the population of Jin Dynasty China. ^[4] The population of the Jin dynasty was between 45 million and 54 million people in 1200 CE. ^[5] ^[6]

[1]: (Perkins 1999, 246) Dorothy Perkins. 1999. Encyclopedia of China. New York: Routledge.

[2]: (Ebrey 1996, 167) Patricia Buckley Ebrey. 1996. The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[3]: (Theobald 2000) Theobald Ulrich. 2000. ’Jin Empire Government, Administration and Law’. Chinaknowledge.de. http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Song/jinn-admin.html. Accessed 15 March 2017.

[4]: (Holcombe 2011, 135) Charles Holcombe. 2011. A History of East Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[5]: 中國文明史‧宋遼金時期‧金代》〈第十一章民俗文化與社會精神風貌〉: 第2001頁－第2022頁

[6]: 中国人口发展史》.葛剑雄.福建人民出版社.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

4 Capital

2 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

3 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Scale of Supracultural Interaction

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

3 Linguistic Family

3 Language

Religion

1 Religion Genus

1 Religion Family

1 Alternate Religion Genus

1 Alternate Religion Family

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Religious Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

1 Utilitarian Public Building

1 Knowledge Or Information Building

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Enclosure

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

2 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

2 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Dog

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases

1 Crisis Consequence

Power Transitions

10 Power Transition

Instability Events

18 Instability Event

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Jin Dynasty (cn_later_great_jin) was in:
(1127 CE 1234 CE)	Middle Yellow River Valley

Home NGA: Middle Yellow River Valley

General Variables

Identity and Location Jin Dynasty (cn_later_great_jin)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	52 S	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Original Name	Jin Dynasty	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Capital	Kaifeng	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Capital	Caizhou	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Capital	Huining	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Capital	Zhongdu	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Alternative Name	Great Jin	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Alternative Name	Jurchen dynasty	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Temporal Bounds Jin Dynasty (cn_later_great_jin)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	1207 CE
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Duration	[1115 CE ➜ 1234 CE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Jin Dynasty (cn_later_great_jin)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	cn_xixia vassalage to cn_later_great_jin	1038 CE 1227 CE
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Suprapolity Relations	cn_southern_song_dyn nominal allegiance to cn_later_great_jin	1127 CE 1279 CE
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Suprapolity Relations	kr_goryeo_k nominal allegiance to cn_later_great_jin	936 CE 1258 CE
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Supracultural Entity	China	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Succeeding Entity	Great Yuan	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Scale of Supracultural Interaction	3,600,000 km²	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Preceding Entity	continuity; Khitan Empire [continuity] Update here
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Succeeding Entity 445 BCE 225 BCE	Early Wei Dynasty (cn_wei_dyn_warring_states) [elite replacement]
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Degree of Centralization	unitary state	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Language Jin Dynasty (cn_later_great_jin)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Sino-Tibetan	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Linguistic Family	Tungusic	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Linguistic Family	Altaic	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Language	Khitan	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Language	Middle Chinese	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Language	Jurchen	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Religion Jin Dynasty (cn_later_great_jin)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religion Genus	Chinese State Religion	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Religion Family	Imperial Confucian Traditions	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Alternate Religion Genus	Buddhism	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Alternate Religion Family	Chinese Buddhist Traditions	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Jin Dynasty (cn_later_great_jin)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Polity Territory	3,600,000 km²	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Polity Population	[45,000,000 to 54,000,000] people	1200 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Jin Dynasty (cn_later_great_jin)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religious Level	3	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Administrative Level	5	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Professions Jin Dynasty (cn_later_great_jin)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Present Inferred	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Jin Dynasty (cn_later_great_jin)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Merit Promotion	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Examination System	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Law Jin Dynasty (cn_later_great_jin)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Judge	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Court	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Jin Dynasty (cn_later_great_jin)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Irrigation System	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Food Storage Site	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Uncoded Undecided	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Utilitarian Public Building	Uncoded Undecided	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Knowledge Or Information Building	Uncoded Undecided	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Jin Dynasty (cn_later_great_jin)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Port	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Canal	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Bridge	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Jin Dynasty (cn_later_great_jin)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Enclosure	Uncoded Undecided	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Information / Writing System Jin Dynasty (cn_later_great_jin)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Script	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Absent	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Nonwritten Record	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Mnemonic Device	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Jin Dynasty (cn_later_great_jin)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Sacred Text	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Religious Literature	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Practical Literature	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Philosophy	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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History	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Fiction	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Calendar	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Information / Money Jin Dynasty (cn_later_great_jin)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Precious Metal	Present Inferred	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Paper Currency	Present Inferred	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Present Inferred	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Foreign Coin	Uncoded Undecided	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Article	Present Inferred	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Information / Postal System Jin Dynasty (cn_later_great_jin)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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General Postal Service	Uncoded Undecided	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Courier	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Information / Measurement System Jin Dynasty (cn_later_great_jin)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Jin Dynasty (cn_later_great_jin)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Unknown Suspected	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Modern Fortification	Unknown Suspected	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Moat	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Fortified Camp	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Earth Rampart	Unknown Suspected	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Ditch	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Complex Fortification	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Long Wall	[1,700 to 5,000] km	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Military use of Metals Jin Dynasty (cn_later_great_jin)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Iron	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Copper	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Bronze	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Projectiles Jin Dynasty (cn_later_great_jin)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Present Disputed	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent Disputed	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Sling	Unknown Suspected	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Self Bow	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Javelin	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Present Uncertain	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent Uncertain	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Unknown Suspected	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Crossbow	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Composite Bow	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Atlatl	Unknown Suspected	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Handheld weapons Jin Dynasty (cn_later_great_jin)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Sword	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Spear	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Polearm	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Dagger	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Battle Axe	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Animals used in warfare Jin Dynasty (cn_later_great_jin)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Dog	Absent	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Armor Jin Dynasty (cn_later_great_jin)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Unknown Suspected	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Shield	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Scaled Armor	Unknown Suspected	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Plate Armor	Unknown Suspected	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Limb Protection	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Leather Cloth	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Laminar Armor	Unknown Suspected	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Helmet	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Chainmail	Unknown Suspected	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Breastplate	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Naval technology Jin Dynasty (cn_later_great_jin)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Absent Inferred	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Jin Dynasty (cn_later_great_jin)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Absent	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Present	1115 CE 1234 CE
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Human Sacrifice Jin Dynasty (cn_later_great_jin)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More