[1]: (Balkansky 1998, 472) A. K. Balkansky. 1998. ’Origin and Collapse of Complex Societies in Oaxaca, Mexico: Evaluating the Era from 1965 to the Present’. Journal of World Prehistory 12 (4): 451-93.
[2]: (Flannery and Marcus 1983, 127-28) Joyce Marcus and Kent V. Flannery. 1983. ’The Early Urban Period: Editors’ Introduction’, in The Cloud People: Divergent Evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec Civilizations, edited by Joyce Marcus and Kent V. Flannery, 127-28. New York: Academic Press.
[3]: (Blanton et al. 1982, 85, 88-9) Richard E. Blanton, R. E., et al. 1982. Monte Albán’s Hinterland, Part 1: The Prehispanic Settlement Patterns of the Central and Southern Parts of the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. Prehistory and Human Ecology of the Valley of Oaxaca, Vol. 7. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology.
[4]: (Balkansky 1998, 473) A. K. Balkansky. 1998. ’Origin and Collapse of Complex Societies in Oaxaca, Mexico: Evaluating the Era from 1965 to the Present’. Journal of World Prehistory 12 (4): 451-93.
[5]: (Feinman et al. 1985, 351) Gary M. Feinman, Stephen A. Kowalewski, Laura Finsten, Richard E. Blanton and Linda Nicholas. 1985. ’Long-Term Demographic Change: A Perspective from the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico’. Journal of Field Archaeology 12 (3): 333-62.
[6]: (Blanton et al. 1982, 91) Richard E. Blanton, R. E., et al. 1982. Monte Albán’s Hinterland, Part 1: The Prehispanic Settlement Patterns of the Central and Southern Parts of the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. Prehistory and Human Ecology of the Valley of Oaxaca, Vol. 7. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology.
[7]: (Balkansky 1998, 474) A. K. Balkansky. 1998. ’Origin and Collapse of Complex Societies in Oaxaca, Mexico: Evaluating the Era from 1965 to the Present’. Journal of World Prehistory 12 (4): 451-93.
[8]: (Spencer 1982, 254) Charles S. Spencer. 1982. The Cuicatlán Cañada and Monte Albán: A Study of Primary State Formation. New York: Academic Press.
[9]: (Balkansky 2002, 51) A. K. Balkansky. 2002. The Sola Valley and The Monte Albán State: A Study of Zapotec Imperial Expansion. Prehistory and Human Ecology of The Valley Of Oaxaca, Vol. 12. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology.
[10]: (Blanton et al. 1999, 128) Richard E. Blanton, Gary M. Feinman, Stephen A. Kowalewski and Linda M. Nicholas. 1999. Ancient Oaxaca. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[11]: (Joyce 2009, 215-17) Arthur A. Joyce. 2009. Mixtecs, Zapotecs, and Chatinos: Ancient Peoples of Southern Mexico. Malden, MA: Wiley‐Blackwell.
[12]: (Flannery 1983, 136) Kent V. Flannery. 1983. ’The Legacy of the Early Urban Period: An Ethnohistoric Approach to Monte Albán’s Temples, Residences, and Royal Tombs’, in The Cloud People: Divergent Evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec Civilizations, edited by Joyce Marcus and Kent V. Flannery, 132-36. New York: Academic Press.
[13]: (Marcus and Flannery 1996, 228-29) Joyce Marcus and Kent V. Flannery. 1996. Zapotec Civilization: How Urban Society Evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley. London: Thames and Hudson.
[14]: (Blanton et al. 1979, 382) Richard E. Blanton, Jill Appel, Laura Finsten, Steve Kowalewski, Gary Feinman and Eva Fisch. 1979. ’Regional Evolution in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico’. Journal of Field Archaeology 6 (4): 369-90.
[15]: (Marcus and Flannery 1996, 224) Joyce Marcus and Kent V. Flannery. 1996. Zapotec Civilization: How Urban Society Evolved in Mexico’s Oaxaca Valley. London: Thames and Hudson.
[16]: (Flannery and Marcus 1983, 128) Joyce Marcus and Kent V. Flannery. 1983. ’The Early Urban Period: Editors’ Introduction’, in The Cloud People: Divergent Evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec Civilizations, edited by Joyce Marcus and Kent V. Flannery, 127-28. New York: Academic Press.
| Year Range | Monte Alban III (mx_monte_alban_3_a) was in: |
|---|---|
| (200 CE 499 CE) | Valley of Oaxaca |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Duration |
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| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Suprapolity Relations | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Supracultural Entity | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Relationship to Preceding Entity | 200 CE 500 CE |
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500 CE 900 CE
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Preceding Entity
100 BCE 200 CE
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| Degree of Centralization | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population of the Largest Settlement | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Polity Territory | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Polity Population | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Settlement Hierarchy | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Religious Level | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Military Level | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Administrative Level | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Professional Soldier | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Professional Priesthood | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Professional Military Officer | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Specialized Government Building | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Merit Promotion | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Full Time Bureaucrat | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Examination System | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Professional Lawyer | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Judge | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Formal Legal Code | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Court | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Market | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Irrigation System | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Food Storage Site | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Drinking Water Supply System | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Road | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Port | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Canal | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Bridge | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mines or Quarry | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Written Record | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Script | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Phonetic Alphabetic Writing | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Nonwritten Record | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Non Phonetic Writing | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Mnemonic Device | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scientific Literature | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Sacred Text | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Religious Literature | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Practical Literature | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Philosophy | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Lists Tables and Classification | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| History | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Fiction | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Calendar | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Token | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Precious Metal | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Paper Currency | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Indigenous Coin | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Foreign Coin | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Article | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Postal Station | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| General Postal Service | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Courier | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More |
|---|
| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wooden Palisade | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Stone Walls Non Mortared | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Stone Walls Mortared | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Settlements in a Defensive Position | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Modern Fortification | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Moat | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Earth Rampart | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Ditch | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Complex Fortification | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Steel | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Iron | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Copper | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Bronze | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Sling | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Self Bow | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Javelin | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Handheld Firearm | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Gunpowder Siege Artillery | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Crossbow | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Composite Bow | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Atlatl | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| War Club | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Sword | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Sword | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Spear | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Polearm | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Dagger | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Dagger | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Battle Axe | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Horse | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Elephant | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Donkey | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Dog | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Camel | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wood Bark Etc | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Shield | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Scaled Armor | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Plate Armor | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Limb Protection | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Leather Cloth | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Laminar Armor | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Helmet | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Chainmail | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Breastplate | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Specialized Military Vessel | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Small Vessels Canoes Etc | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moralizing Enforcement is Broad | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Moralizing Enforcement in This Life | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Moralizing Enforcement is Certain | 200 CE 500 CE |
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| Variable | Coded Value / Certainty Tags | Year(s) | See More |
|---|