Home Region: Southern Europe (Europe)

Papal States - High Medieval Period

1198 CE 1309 CE

D G SC WF R

EQ 2020 it_papal_state_1 / ItPapHM

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

904 CE 1198 CE Rome - Republic of St Peter II (it_st_peter_rep_2) [continuity]

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General Description

In the 1198-1309 CE period the Papacy, from Innocent III, extended its power over the temporal realm, and over Christendom. The period ends with the Angevin exile from 1309 CE.
The term Christendom (Christianitas) reflects the supranational scope of the Papacy, which being also an international religion, had a degree of control beyond the territorial borders of the Papal State. ^[1] Whilst in previous times Rome was dominated by France and then German monarchs, under the rule of Pope Innocent III (r. 1198-1216 CE), ’the king maker of Christendom’, papal authority, particularly in influence around Europe, was at its medieval height. He initiated several crusades and presided over the Fourth Lateran Council ^[2] that defined an important Catholic ritual, the Eucharist.
Innocent III "viewed himself explicitly as the vicar of Christ, priest and king, who possessed unrivaled temporal and religious authority" ^[3] and this combined with a "general acceptance that the pope was the vicar of Christ and the growing sense of Christians, nourished by the reforms of the eleventh century, that they were part of a supranational entity, Christendom (Christianitas), and that their primary loyalty was to that body and to the pope as head of Christendom, rather than to any local, regional, or even national entity." ^[3]
Armies of the Papal States were a conglomeration of international allies, friendly towns and nobles, volunteer crusaders, and the forces directly raised by the pope. ^[4] The papal state formed many alliances with during this period, held the nominal allegiance of some polities (the Norman duchies to the south are just one good example of both of these), and held vassals of its own (albeit ones that were notoriously difficult to control). War with the Holy Roman Empire characterised the Papal State’s international relations.
Based at the Lateran Palace in Rome, the Papal bureaucracy consisted of scribes, archivists, tax collectors, papal messengers, and administrators charged with the upkeep of the city ^[5] which at this time was no greater than the size of a large town, with about 35,000 inhabitants. ^[6]

[1]: (Madigan 2015) K Madigan. 2015. Medieval Christianity: A New History. Yale University Press. New Haven.

[2]: (Vauchez 2010, 356) André Vauchez ed. Roma Medievale. Rome: Editori Laterza, 2010 [2001].

[3]: (Madigan 2015, 291) K Madigan. 2015. Medieval Christianity: A New History. Yale University Press. New Haven.

[4]: (Waley 1957, 1-30) D P Waley. January 1957. Papal Armies of the Thirteen Century, Vol. 72, No. 282, The English Historical Review. pp. 1-30

[5]: Carocci and Vendittelli, 74-75

[6]: (Brentano 1991, 13) Robert Brentano. 1991. Rome Before Avignon: A Social History of Thirteenth-Century Rome. Berkeley: University of California Press.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

2 Capital

9 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

1 Polity Succession

4 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

1 Religion Genus

1 Religion Family

1 Religion

1 Alternate Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

2 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

2 Sling

2 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

4 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions

15 Power Transition

Instability Events

12 Instability Event

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Papal States - High Medieval Period (it_papal_state_1) was in:
(1198 CE 1308 CE)	Latium

Home NGA: Latium

General Variables

Identity and Location Papal States - High Medieval Period (it_papal_state_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	33 T	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Original Name	Papal States - High Medieval Period	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Capital	Avignon	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Capital	Rome	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Alternative Name	Christianitas	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Alternative Name	Ecclesiastical States	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Alternative Name	Roman States	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Alternative Name	States of the Church	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Alternative Name	High Middle Ages	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Alternative Name	Papal States	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Alternative Name	Pontifical States	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Alternative Name	Christendom	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Alternative Name	High Christendom	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Temporal Bounds Papal States - High Medieval Period (it_papal_state_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	1240 CE
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Duration	[1198 CE ➜ 1309 CE]
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Political and Cultural Relations Papal States - High Medieval Period (it_papal_state_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	alliance with [---]	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Supracultural Entity	Christendom	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Succeeding Entity	Rome - Republic Restoration Period	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Preceding Entity 904 CE 1198 CE	Rome - Republic of St Peter II (it_st_peter_rep_2) [continuity]
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Degree of Centralization	unitary state	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Degree of Centralization	loose	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Degree of Centralization	confederated state	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Degree of Centralization	nominal	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Language Papal States - High Medieval Period (it_papal_state_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Indo-European	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Language	Latin	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Religion Papal States - High Medieval Period (it_papal_state_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religion Genus	Christianity	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Religion Family	Catholic	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Religion	Roman Catholic	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Alternate Religion	Uncoded Undecided	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Papal States - High Medieval Period (it_papal_state_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	35,000 people	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Polity Territory	44,000 km²	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Polity Population	[300,000 to 1,500,000] people	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Hierarchical Complexity Papal States - High Medieval Period (it_papal_state_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	4	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Religious Level	6	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Military Level	5	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Administrative Level	[5 to 6]	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Professions Papal States - High Medieval Period (it_papal_state_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Professional Priesthood	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Professional Military Officer	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Papal States - High Medieval Period (it_papal_state_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Examination System	Absent	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Law Papal States - High Medieval Period (it_papal_state_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Judge	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Formal Legal Code	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Court	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Papal States - High Medieval Period (it_papal_state_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present Inferred	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Irrigation System	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Food Storage Site	Present Inferred	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Present Inferred	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Transport Infrastructure Papal States - High Medieval Period (it_papal_state_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Port	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Canal	Absent	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Bridge	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Special-purpose Sites Papal States - High Medieval Period (it_papal_state_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Information / Writing System Papal States - High Medieval Period (it_papal_state_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Script	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Nonwritten Record	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Absent	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Mnemonic Device	Present Inferred	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Papal States - High Medieval Period (it_papal_state_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Sacred Text	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Religious Literature	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Practical Literature	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Philosophy	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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History	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Fiction	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Calendar	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Information / Money Papal States - High Medieval Period (it_papal_state_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Absent Inferred	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Precious Metal	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Paper Currency	Absent	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Indigenous Coin	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Foreign Coin	Present Inferred	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Article	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Information / Postal System Papal States - High Medieval Period (it_papal_state_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Absent	1198 CE 1309 CE
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General Postal Service	Absent	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Courier	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Information / Measurement System Papal States - High Medieval Period (it_papal_state_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Papal States - High Medieval Period (it_papal_state_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Present Inferred	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Present Inferred	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Moat	Present Inferred	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Fortified Camp	Present Inferred	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Earth Rampart	Present Inferred	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Ditch	Present Inferred	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Complex Fortification	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Long Wall	50 km Uncertain	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Long Wall	85 km Uncertain	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Military use of Metals Papal States - High Medieval Period (it_papal_state_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Iron	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Copper	Present Inferred	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Bronze	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Projectiles Papal States - High Medieval Period (it_papal_state_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Sling Siege Engine	Present Inferred	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Sling	Absent Uncertain	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Sling	Present Uncertain	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Self Bow	Present Uncertain	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Self Bow	Absent Uncertain	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Javelin	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	1200 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Unknown Suspected	1250 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent Uncertain	1300 CE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Present Uncertain	1300 CE
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Crossbow	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Composite Bow	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Atlatl	Absent	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Handheld weapons Papal States - High Medieval Period (it_papal_state_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Sword	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Spear	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Polearm	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Dagger	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Battle Axe	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Animals used in warfare Papal States - High Medieval Period (it_papal_state_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Elephant	Absent	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Donkey	Present Inferred	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Dog	Absent	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Camel	Absent	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Armor Papal States - High Medieval Period (it_papal_state_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Shield	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Scaled Armor	Present Inferred	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Plate Armor	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Limb Protection	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Leather Cloth	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Laminar Armor	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Helmet	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Chainmail	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Breastplate	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Naval technology Papal States - High Medieval Period (it_papal_state_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Papal States - High Medieval Period (it_papal_state_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Present	1198 CE 1309 CE
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Human Sacrifice Papal States - High Medieval Period (it_papal_state_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More