Home Region: Pakistan (South Asia)

Kachi Plain - Urban Period I

2500 BCE 2100 BCE

D G SC WF R

EQ 2020 pk_kachi_urban_1 / PkUrbn1

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

3200 BCE 2500 BCE Kachi Plain - Pre-Urban Period (pk_kachi_pre_urban) [continuity]

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

2100 BCE 1800 BCE Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2) [continuity]

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General Description

The Mature Harappan culture, also known as the Indus Civilization, emerged around 2500 BCE and, from its core in the Indus and Saraswati Valleys, expanded to the Kachi plain and the Makran coast in the west, to Gujarat in the south, and to the foothills of the Himalayas and the northern borders of the Ganga-Yamuna Doab in the north and east. This civilization was characterized by the establishment of several large cities, most notably Mohenjo-daro, the largest of these centres and the one best positioned to control trade and communications throughout the region. Rather than being united by a single shared ideology, it appears that the Indus people had a wide range of beliefs and/or religions. ^[1] Around 1900 or 1800 BCE, the Indus Civilization began to decline, possibly due to environmental factors. ^[2]
Population and political organization
There is no clear or explicit evidence for the existence of rulers during the Mature Harappan period, though archaeologists have suggested a number of different possible ways its cities - or perhaps its entire territory - may have been governed, ranging from heterarchy to theocracy. ^[3] Certainly the Harappans could boast a well developed bureaucracy, as suggested by seals, tablets, and other inscribed artefacts. ^[4]
The scholarly literature does not appear to provide population estimates for the Indus Valley as a whole, but one source suggests a population of 100,000 for the largest Harappan city, Mohenjo-daro. ^[5]

[1]: (McIntosh 2008, 83-84) McIntosh, Jane. 2008. The Ancient Indus Valley. Santa Barbara; Denver; Oxford: ABC-CLIO. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/5P92SHE8.

[2]: (McIntosh 2008, 396-400) McIntosh, Jane. 2008. The Ancient Indus Valley. Santa Barbara; Denver; Oxford: ABC-CLIO. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/5P92SHE8.

[3]: (McIntosh 2008, 391-92) McIntosh, Jane. 2008. The Ancient Indus Valley. Santa Barbara; Denver; Oxford: ABC-CLIO. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/5P92SHE8.

[4]: (McIntosh 2008, 212) McIntosh, Jane. 2008. The Ancient Indus Valley. Santa Barbara; Denver; Oxford: ABC-CLIO. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/5P92SHE8.

[5]: (McIntosh 2008, 214) McIntosh, Jane. 2008. The Ancient Indus Valley. Santa Barbara; Denver; Oxford: ABC-CLIO. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/5P92SHE8.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

1 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Scale of Supracultural Interaction

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

1 Linguistic Family

1 Language

Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

1 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Modern Fortification

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

2 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

2 War Club

2 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

2 Dagger

2 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases Coding in Progress.

Power Transitions Coding in Progress.

Instability Events Coding in Progress.

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Kachi Plain - Urban Period I (pk_kachi_urban_1) was in:
(2500 BCE 2101 BCE)	Kachi Plain

Home NGA: Kachi Plain

General Variables

Identity and Location Kachi Plain - Urban Period I (pk_kachi_urban_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	42 R Expert	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Original Name	Kachi Plain - Urban Period I Expert	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Capital	unknown Expert	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Alternative Name	Mature Harappan Expert	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Temporal Bounds Kachi Plain - Urban Period I (pk_kachi_urban_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	[2500 BCE ➜ 2100 BCE] Expert
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Duration	[2500 BCE ➜ 2100 BCE] Expert
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Political and Cultural Relations Kachi Plain - Urban Period I (pk_kachi_urban_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	none Expert	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Supracultural Entity	Indus Civilisation Expert	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Succeeding Entity	Kachi Plain - Urban Period II Expert	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Scale of Supracultural Interaction	[1,000,000 to 1,500,000] km² Expert	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuity Expert	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Succeeding Entity 2100 BCE 1800 BCE	Kachi Plain - Urban Period II (pk_kachi_urban_2) [continuity] Expert
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Preceding Entity 3200 BCE 2500 BCE	Kachi Plain - Pre-Urban Period (pk_kachi_pre_urban) [continuity] Expert
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Degree of Centralization	quasi-polity Expert	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Language Kachi Plain - Urban Period I (pk_kachi_urban_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	NO_VALUE_ON_WIKI Expert	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Language	uncoded Undecided Expert	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Religion Kachi Plain - Urban Period I (pk_kachi_urban_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Kachi Plain - Urban Period I (pk_kachi_urban_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	100,000 people	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Polity Territory	[100,000 to 170,000] km²	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Hierarchical Complexity Kachi Plain - Urban Period I (pk_kachi_urban_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	[3 to 4]	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Religious Level	2	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Military Level	[0 to 1]	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Administrative Level	[1 to 2]	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Professions Kachi Plain - Urban Period I (pk_kachi_urban_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Absent Inferred	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Professional Priesthood	Present	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Professional Military Officer	Absent Inferred	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Kachi Plain - Urban Period I (pk_kachi_urban_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present Inferred	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Merit Promotion	Unknown Suspected	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Present Inferred	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Examination System	Unknown Suspected	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Law Kachi Plain - Urban Period I (pk_kachi_urban_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Unknown Suspected	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Judge	Unknown Suspected	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Formal Legal Code	Unknown Suspected	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Court	Unknown Suspected	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Kachi Plain - Urban Period I (pk_kachi_urban_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present Inferred	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Irrigation System	Absent Inferred	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Food Storage Site	Present	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Present	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Transport Infrastructure Kachi Plain - Urban Period I (pk_kachi_urban_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Port	Present Inferred	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Canal	Unknown Suspected	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Bridge	Unknown Suspected	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Special-purpose Sites Kachi Plain - Urban Period I (pk_kachi_urban_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Information / Writing System Kachi Plain - Urban Period I (pk_kachi_urban_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Script	Present	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Absent Inferred	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Kachi Plain - Urban Period I (pk_kachi_urban_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Unknown Suspected	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Sacred Text	Unknown Suspected	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Religious Literature	Unknown Suspected	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Practical Literature	Unknown Suspected	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Philosophy	Unknown Suspected	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Present Inferred	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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History	Unknown Suspected	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Fiction	Unknown Suspected	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Calendar	Unknown Suspected	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Information / Money Kachi Plain - Urban Period I (pk_kachi_urban_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Unknown Suspected	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Precious Metal	Present Inferred	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Paper Currency	Absent	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Indigenous Coin	Absent	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Foreign Coin	Absent	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Article	Present	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Information / Postal System Kachi Plain - Urban Period I (pk_kachi_urban_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Present Inferred	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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General Postal Service	Present Inferred	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Courier	Present Inferred	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Information / Measurement System Kachi Plain - Urban Period I (pk_kachi_urban_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Kachi Plain - Urban Period I (pk_kachi_urban_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Unknown Suspected	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Absent	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Absent	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Fortified Camp	Absent	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Earth Rampart	Unknown	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Complex Fortification	Absent	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Long Wall	absent	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Military use of Metals Kachi Plain - Urban Period I (pk_kachi_urban_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Absent	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Iron	Absent	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Copper	Present Inferred	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Bronze	Present Inferred	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Projectiles Kachi Plain - Urban Period I (pk_kachi_urban_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Absent	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Sling Siege Engine	Absent	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Sling	Absent Inferred	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Self Bow	Present Uncertain	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Self Bow	Absent Uncertain	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Javelin	Absent Inferred	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Crossbow	Absent	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Composite Bow	Absent	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Atlatl	Absent	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Handheld weapons Kachi Plain - Urban Period I (pk_kachi_urban_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Present Uncertain	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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War Club	Absent Uncertain	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Sword	Present Uncertain	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Sword	Absent Uncertain	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Spear	Present	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Polearm	Absent Inferred	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Dagger	Present Uncertain	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Dagger	Absent Uncertain	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Battle Axe	Present Uncertain	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Battle Axe	Absent Uncertain	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Animals used in warfare Kachi Plain - Urban Period I (pk_kachi_urban_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Absent	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Elephant	Absent	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Donkey	Absent	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Dog	Unknown Suspected	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Camel	Absent	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Armor Kachi Plain - Urban Period I (pk_kachi_urban_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Shield	Absent Inferred	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Scaled Armor	Absent	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Plate Armor	Absent	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Limb Protection	Absent	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Leather Cloth	Unknown Suspected	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Laminar Armor	Absent	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Helmet	Absent	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Chainmail	Absent	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Breastplate	Absent	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Naval technology Kachi Plain - Urban Period I (pk_kachi_urban_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Absent	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Absent Inferred	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Absent Inferred	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Kachi Plain - Urban Period I (pk_kachi_urban_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Unknown	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Unknown	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Unknown	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in This Life	Unknown	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Unknown	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Unknown	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Unknown	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Unknown	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Unknown	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Unknown	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Unknown	2500 BCE 2100 BCE
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Human Sacrifice Kachi Plain - Urban Period I (pk_kachi_urban_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More