Home Region: Northeast Africa (Africa)

Ptolemaic Kingdom I

305 BCE 217 BCE

D G SC WF R CC

EQ 2020 eg_ptolemaic_k_1 / EgPtol1

Preceding Entity: Add one more here.

330 BCE 312 BCE Macedonian Empire (gr_macedonian_emp) [continuity]

Succeeding Entity: Add one more here.

217 BCE 30 BCE Ptolemaic Kingdom II (eg_ptolemaic_k_2) [continuity]

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General Description

The Ptolemaic Kingdom (or Empire) was one of the successor states to the Macedonian Empire created by the conquests of Alexander the Great in the late 4th century BCE. When Alexander died in Babylon in 323, Ptolemy, as one of his most favoured generals and bodyguards, was appointed satrap (governor) of Egypt, Libya and parts of Arabia. ^[1] ^[2] The next few decades after 323 were characterized by incessant warfare between those who wished to maintain the unity of the Macedonian Empire, nominally still intact, ^[3] and those who aspired to rule their own kingdoms independently. ^[2] Ptolemy was firmly on the separatist side, and in 305 BCE he successfully declared himself king of Egypt. In doing so, he became Ptolemy I Soter (’the saviour’) ^[4] , founder of a powerful dynasty (sometimes known as the Lagides, after his father Lagos) ^[5] that was to rule Egypt for almost three centuries.
Ptolemy I and his successors had expansionist ambitions, seeking to carve out more and more territory for their new kingdom, often at the expense of the other kingdoms that had splintered from Alexander’s empire, especially the Seleucid Kingdom of the Middle East. ^[6] At its greatest extent, the Ptolemaic Empire reached as far south as Lower Nubia (southern Egypt), west to Cyrenaica (modern-day Libya), east to Cyprus, Syria, Phoenicia and Asia Minor (Turkey), and north into the Aegean. ^[7] In the words of one researcher, Egypt became for the first time a true ’Mediterranean power’ under its new Macedonian rulers. ^[6]
The peak of the Ptolemaic period is generally considered to correspond to the reigns of the first three Ptolemies in the 3rd century BCE. ^[8] We divide the kingdom into two polities: the first begins with Ptolemy I’s accession in 305 and ends with the Battle of Raphia in 217. In this battle, Ptolemy IV defeated the Seleucid king Antiochus III, who had invaded Ptolemaic-controlled lands in Palestine. ^[9] The late 3rd and early 2nd centuries saw conflict within the ruling family and revolts by the Egyptian population, representing an ’age of crisis’ between two periods of relative stability. ^[10] Our second polity runs from 217 up to the famous suicide of Cleopatra VII, the last ruler in the Ptolemaic line, and the Roman annexation of Egypt in 30 BCE. ^[3] ^[11] Overall, the Ptolemies were a successful dynasty: in concert with their expansionist policies, they managed to transform Egypt ‒ and the new city of Alexandria in particular ‒ into the cultural and economic centre of the Hellenistic world. ^[12]
Population and Political Organization
The Ptolemies were the longest-lived foreign dynasty ever to rule Egypt. ^[13] They presided over a ’double society’, portraying themselves as Graeco-Macedonian kings to the many resident Greeks and divine pharaohs to the ’native’ Egyptian population. ^[14] ^[15] Greeks and Egyptians were subject to different judicial systems and Greeks tended to dominate the highest echelons of society. ^[16] ^[17] Alexandria, built as an ideal Greek-style Hellenistic city with its magnificent library, stadium, theatre, gymnasium and lighthouse, was always set apart from the rest of the country. ^[18] ^[19] Over time, however, and especially from 200 BCE onwards, the boundaries between ’Greek’ and ’Egyptian’ became blurred. ^[20]
The chief aim of government was to draw as much revenue ‒ in money and in wheat ‒ as possible from the population, and for this reason the burden of taxation was heavy. ^[21] The Ptolemies left many Pharaonic Egyptian institutions intact, such as the temple hierarchy with its priests and scribes. However, they used state functionaries and tax farmers to divert more and more wealth from temples, agricultural estates, especially those of granted to soldiers (known as cleruchs), and ordinary peasant farmers to the royal coffers. ^[22] Egypt under the Ptolemies also became more outward-looking, extending commercial and political power into the Levant, the Black Sea and the shores of the Mediterranean as far west as Sicily. ^[23]
The population of Egypt during the Ptolemaic period has been estimated at around 4 million people in the 3rd century BCE, of which between 5 and 10 percent were Greeks. ^[24] The total population of the entire Ptolemaic Empire may have reached 7 million. ^[25]

[1]: (Hӧlbl 2001, 12, 14) Günther Hӧlbl. 2001. A History of the Ptolemaic Empire. London: Routledge.

[2]: (Lloyd 2000, 389) Alan B. Lloyd. 2000. ’The Ptolemaic Period (332-30 BC)’, in The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, edited by Ian Shaw, 388-413. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[3]: (Lloyd 2010, xl) Alan B. Lloyd. 2010. ’Chronology’, in A Companion to Ancient Egypt, Volume 1, edited by Alan B. Lloyd, xxxii-xliii. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

[4]: (Thompson 2005, 113) Dorothy J. Thompson. 2005. ’The Ptolemies and Egypt’, in A Companion to the Hellenistic World, edited by Andrew Erskine, 105-20. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.

[5]: (Myśliwiec 2000, 179) Karol Myśliwiec. 2000. The Twilight of Ancient Egypt: First Millennium B.C.E., translated by David Lorton. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

[6]: (Vandorpe 2010, 169) Katelijn Vandorpe. 2010. ’The Ptolemaic Period’, in A Companion to Ancient Egypt, Volume 1, edited by Alan B. Lloyd, 159-79. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

[7]: (Vandorpe 2010, 169-71) Katelijn Vandorpe. 2010. ’The Ptolemaic Period’, in A Companion to Ancient Egypt, Volume 1, edited by Alan B. Lloyd, 159-79. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

[8]: (Chauveau 2000, 11) Michel Chauveau. 2000. Egypt in the Age of Cleopatra, translated by David Lorton. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

[9]: (Lloyd 2000, 394) Alan B. Lloyd. 2000. ’The Ptolemaic Period (332-30 BC)’, in The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, edited by Ian Shaw, 388-413. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[10]: (Vandorpe 2010, 165-66) Katelijn Vandorpe. 2010. ’The Ptolemaic Period’, in A Companion to Ancient Egypt, Volume 1, edited by Alan B. Lloyd, 159-79. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

[11]: (Newman 2015) Frances Stickney Newman. 2015. ’Cleopatra VII’, in Salem Press Biographical Encyclopedia. Ipswich, MA: Salem Press. Accessed 22 February 2017.

[12]: (Vandorpe 2010, 173-75) Katelijn Vandorpe. 2010. ’The Ptolemaic Period’, in A Companion to Ancient Egypt, Volume 1, edited by Alan B. Lloyd, 159-79. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

[13]: (Vandorpe 2010, 159) Katelijn Vandorpe. 2010. ’The Ptolemaic Period’, in A Companion to Ancient Egypt, Volume 1, edited by Alan B. Lloyd, 159-79. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

[14]: (Chauveau 2000, 33, 37) Michel Chauveau. 2000. Egypt in the Age of Cleopatra, translated by David Lorton. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

[15]: (Vandorpe 2010, 171) Katelijn Vandorpe. 2010. ’The Ptolemaic Period’, in A Companion to Ancient Egypt, Volume 1, edited by Alan B. Lloyd, 159-79. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

[16]: (Manning 2003, 53, 131) J. G. Manning. 2003. Land and Power in Ptolemaic Egypt: The Structure of Land Tenure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[17]: (Lloyd 2000, 409) Alan B. Lloyd. 2000. ’The Ptolemaic Period (332-30 BC)’, in The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, edited by Ian Shaw, 388-413. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[18]: (Vandorpe 2010, 174) Katelijn Vandorpe. 2010. ’The Ptolemaic Period’, in A Companion to Ancient Egypt, Volume 1, edited by Alan B. Lloyd, 159-79. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

[19]: (Lloyd 2000, 400-01) Alan B. Lloyd. 2000. ’The Ptolemaic Period (332-30 BC)’, in The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, edited by Ian Shaw, 388-413. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[20]: (Vandorpe 2010, 171-73) Katelijn Vandorpe. 2010. ’The Ptolemaic Period’, in A Companion to Ancient Egypt, Volume 1, edited by Alan B. Lloyd, 159-79. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

[21]: (Chauveau 2000, 78) Michel Chauveau. 2000. Egypt in the Age of Cleopatra, translated by David Lorton. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

[22]: (Lloyd 2000, 404-05) Alan B. Lloyd. 2000. ’The Ptolemaic Period (332-30 BC)’, in The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, edited by Ian Shaw, 388-413. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[23]: (Thompson and Buraselis 2013, 2-4) Dorothy J. Thompson and Kostas Buraselis. ’Introduction’, in The Ptolemies, the Sea and the Nile: Studies in Waterborne Power, edited by Kostas Buraselis, Mary Stefanou and Dorothy J. Thompson, 1-18. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[24]: (Fischer-Bovet 2011, 135-37) Christelle Fischer-Bovet. 2011. ’Counting the Greeks in Egypt: Immigration in the First Century of Ptolemaic Rule’, in Demography in the Graeco-Roman World, edited by C. Holleran and A. Pudsey, 135-54. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[25]: (Fischer-Bovet 2014, 149) Christelle Fischer-Bovet. 2014. Army and Society in Ptolemaic Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

General Variables

Identity and Location

1 Utm Zone

1 Original Name

1 Capital

3 Alternative Name

Temporal Bounds

1 Peak Years

1 Duration

Political and Cultural Relations

1 Suprapolity Relations

1 Supracultural Entity

1 Succeeding Entity

1 Scale of Supracultural Interaction

1 Relationship to preceding Entity

2 Polity Succession

1 Degree of Centralization

Language

2 Linguistic Family

2 Language

Religion

1 Religion Genus

1 Religion Family

1 Alternate Religion Genus

1 Alternate Religion

Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale

2 Population of the Largest Settlement

1 Polity Territory

1 Polity Population

Hierarchical Complexity

1 Settlement Hierarchy

1 Religious Level

1 Military Level

1 Administrative Level

Professions

1 Professional Soldier

1 Professional Priesthood

1 Professional Military Officer

Bureaucracy Characteristics

1 Specialized Government Building

1 Merit Promotion

1 Full Time Bureaucrat

1 Examination System

Law

1 Professional Lawyer

1 Judge

1 Formal Legal Code

1 Court

Specialized Buildings: polity owned

1 Market

1 Irrigation System

1 Food Storage Site

1 Drinking Water Supply System

Transport Infrastructure

1 Road

1 Port

1 Canal

1 Bridge

Special-purpose Sites

1 Mines or Quarry

Information / Writing System

1 Written Record

1 Script

1 Phonetic Alphabetic Writing

1 Nonwritten Record

1 Non Phonetic Writing

1 Mnemonic Device

Information / Kinds of Written Documents

1 Scientific Literature

1 Sacred Text

1 Religious Literature

1 Practical Literature

1 Philosophy

1 Lists Tables and Classification

1 History

1 Fiction

1 Calendar

Information / Money

1 Token

1 Precious Metal

1 Paper Currency

1 Indigenous Coin

1 Foreign Coin

1 Article

Information / Postal System

1 Postal Station

1 General Postal Service

1 Courier

Information / Measurement System

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications

1 Wooden Palisade

1 Stone Walls Non Mortared

1 Stone Walls Mortared

1 Settlements in a Defensive Position

1 Modern Fortification

1 Moat

1 Fortified Camp

1 Earth Rampart

1 Ditch

1 Complex Fortification

1 Long Wall

Military use of Metals

1 Steel

1 Iron

1 Copper

1 Bronze

Projectiles

1 Tension Siege Engine

1 Sling Siege Engine

1 Sling

1 Self Bow

1 Javelin

1 Handheld Firearm

1 Gunpowder Siege Artillery

1 Crossbow

1 Composite Bow

1 Atlatl

Handheld weapons

1 War Club

1 Sword

1 Spear

1 Polearm

1 Dagger

1 Battle Axe

Animals used in warfare

1 Horse

1 Elephant

1 Donkey

1 Dog

1 Camel

Armor

1 Wood Bark Etc

1 Shield

1 Scaled Armor

1 Plate Armor

1 Limb Protection

1 Leather Cloth

1 Laminar Armor

1 Helmet

1 Chainmail

1 Breastplate

Naval technology

1 Specialized Military Vessel

1 Small Vessels Canoes Etc

1 Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service

Economy Variables (Luxury Goods) Coding in Progress.

Religion Variables Coding in Progress.

Crisis Consequence Cases

1 Crisis Consequence

Power Transitions

4 Power Transition

Instability Events

6 Instability Event

NGA Settlements:

Year Range	Ptolemaic Kingdom I (eg_ptolemaic_k_1) was in:
(305 BCE 300 BCE)	Upper Egypt
(300 BCE 218 BCE)	Upper Egypt / Galilee
(218 BCE 199 BCE)	Galilee

Home NGA: Upper Egypt

General Variables

Identity and Location Ptolemaic Kingdom I (eg_ptolemaic_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Utm Zone	36 R Expert	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Original Name	Ptolemaic Kingdom I Expert	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Capital	Alexandria Expert	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Alternative Name	Ptolemaic Empire Expert	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Alternative Name	Ptolemaic Kingdom Expert	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Alternative Name	Ptolemaic Dynasty Expert	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Temporal Bounds Ptolemaic Kingdom I (eg_ptolemaic_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More
Peak Years	300 BCE Expert
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Duration	[305 BCE ➜ 217 BCE] Expert
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Political and Cultural Relations Ptolemaic Kingdom I (eg_ptolemaic_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Suprapolity Relations	none Expert	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Supracultural Entity	Greek World Expert	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Succeeding Entity	Ptolemaic Kingdom II Expert	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Scale of Supracultural Interaction	[3,500,000 to 4,000,000] km² Expert	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Relationship to Preceding Entity	continuation Expert	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Preceding Entity 330 BCE 312 BCE	Macedonian Empire (gr_macedonian_emp) [continuity] Expert
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Succeeding Entity 217 BCE 30 BCE	Ptolemaic Kingdom II (eg_ptolemaic_k_2) [continuity] Expert
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Degree of Centralization	unitary state Expert	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Language Ptolemaic Kingdom I (eg_ptolemaic_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Linguistic Family	Afro-Asiatic Expert	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Linguistic Family	Indo-European Expert	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Language	Greek Expert	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Language	demotic Egyptian Expert	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Religion Ptolemaic Kingdom I (eg_ptolemaic_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Religion Genus	Hellenistic Religions Expert	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Religion Family	Ptolemaic Religion Expert	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Alternate Religion Genus	Egyptian Religions Expert	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Alternate Religion	Uncoded Undecided Expert	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Social Complexity Variables

Social Scale Ptolemaic Kingdom I (eg_ptolemaic_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Population of the Largest Settlement	100,000 people Disputed	300 BCE
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Population of the Largest Settlement	160,000 people Disputed	300 BCE
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Polity Territory	1,000,000 km²	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Polity Population	7,000,000 people	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Hierarchical Complexity Ptolemaic Kingdom I (eg_ptolemaic_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Settlement Hierarchy	6	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Religious Level	1	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Military Level	9	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Administrative Level	6	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Professions Ptolemaic Kingdom I (eg_ptolemaic_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Soldier	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Professional Priesthood	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Professional Military Officer	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Bureaucracy Characteristics Ptolemaic Kingdom I (eg_ptolemaic_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Government Building	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Merit Promotion	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Full Time Bureaucrat	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Examination System	Present Inferred	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Law Ptolemaic Kingdom I (eg_ptolemaic_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Professional Lawyer	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Judge	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Formal Legal Code	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Court	Absent	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Specialized Buildings: polity owned Ptolemaic Kingdom I (eg_ptolemaic_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Market	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Irrigation System	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Food Storage Site	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Drinking Water Supply System	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Transport Infrastructure Ptolemaic Kingdom I (eg_ptolemaic_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Road	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Port	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Canal	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Bridge	Present Inferred	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Special-purpose Sites Ptolemaic Kingdom I (eg_ptolemaic_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Mines or Quarry	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Information / Writing System Ptolemaic Kingdom I (eg_ptolemaic_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Written Record	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Script	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Phonetic Alphabetic Writing	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Nonwritten Record	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Non Phonetic Writing	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Mnemonic Device	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Information / Kinds of Written Documents Ptolemaic Kingdom I (eg_ptolemaic_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Scientific Literature	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Sacred Text	Present Inferred	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Religious Literature	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Practical Literature	Present Inferred	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Philosophy	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Lists Tables and Classification	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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History	Present Inferred	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Fiction	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Calendar	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Information / Money Ptolemaic Kingdom I (eg_ptolemaic_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Token	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Precious Metal	Present Inferred	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Paper Currency	Absent	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Indigenous Coin	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Foreign Coin	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Article	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Information / Postal System Ptolemaic Kingdom I (eg_ptolemaic_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Postal Station	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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General Postal Service	Absent Inferred	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Courier	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Information / Measurement System Ptolemaic Kingdom I (eg_ptolemaic_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More

Warfare Variables (Military Technologies)

Fortifications Ptolemaic Kingdom I (eg_ptolemaic_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wooden Palisade	Unknown Suspected	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Stone Walls Non Mortared	Present Inferred	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Stone Walls Mortared	Present Inferred	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Settlements in a Defensive Position	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Modern Fortification	Absent	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Moat	Unknown Suspected	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Fortified Camp	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Earth Rampart	Unknown Suspected	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Ditch	Unknown Suspected	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Complex Fortification	Absent	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Long Wall	absent	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Military use of Metals Ptolemaic Kingdom I (eg_ptolemaic_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Steel	Absent	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Iron	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Copper	Present Inferred	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Bronze	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Projectiles Ptolemaic Kingdom I (eg_ptolemaic_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Tension Siege Engine	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Sling Siege Engine	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Sling	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Self Bow	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Javelin	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Handheld Firearm	Absent	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Gunpowder Siege Artillery	Absent	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Crossbow	Absent	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Composite Bow	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Atlatl	Absent	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Handheld weapons Ptolemaic Kingdom I (eg_ptolemaic_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
War Club	Absent Inferred	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Sword	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Spear	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Polearm	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Dagger	Present Inferred	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Battle Axe	Absent Inferred	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Animals used in warfare Ptolemaic Kingdom I (eg_ptolemaic_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Horse	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Elephant	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Donkey	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Dog	Absent	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Camel	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Armor Ptolemaic Kingdom I (eg_ptolemaic_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Wood Bark Etc	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Shield	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Scaled Armor	Unknown Suspected	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Plate Armor	Present Inferred	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Limb Protection	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Leather Cloth	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Laminar Armor	Unknown Suspected	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Helmet	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Chainmail	Unknown Suspected	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Breastplate	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Naval technology Ptolemaic Kingdom I (eg_ptolemaic_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Specialized Military Vessel	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Small Vessels Canoes Etc	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Merchant Ships Pressed Into Service	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Economy Variables (Luxury Goods)

Religion Variables

Moralizing Supernatural Punishment and Reward Ptolemaic Kingdom I (eg_ptolemaic_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)
Moralizing Enforcement is Broad	Absent	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Concern is Primary	Absent	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Agentic	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Commoners	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Targeted	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement in Afterlife	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Moralizing Religion Adopted by Elites	Present	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement of Rulers	Present Inferred	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Moralizing Enforcement is Certain	Absent	305 BCE 217 BCE
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Human Sacrifice Ptolemaic Kingdom I (eg_ptolemaic_k_1)

Variable	Coded Value / Certainty Tags	Year(s)	See More